/* global describe, it, beforeEach */ var assert = require('assert') var baddress = require('../src/address') var bscript = require('../src/script') var btemplates = require('../src/templates') var ops = require('bitcoin-ops') var BigInteger = require('bigi') var ECPair = require('../src/ecpair') var Transaction = require('../src/transaction') var TransactionBuilder = require('../src/transaction_builder') var NETWORKS = require('../src/networks') var fixtures = require('./fixtures/transaction_builder') function construct (f, dontSign) { var network = NETWORKS[f.network] var txb = new TransactionBuilder(network) if (f.version !== undefined) txb.setVersion(f.version) if (f.locktime !== undefined) txb.setLockTime(f.locktime) f.inputs.forEach(function (input) { var prevTx if (input.txRaw) { var constructed = construct(input.txRaw) if (input.txRaw.incomplete) prevTx = constructed.buildIncomplete() else prevTx = constructed.build() } else if (input.txHex) { prevTx = Transaction.fromHex(input.txHex) } else { prevTx = input.txId } var prevTxScript if (input.prevTxScript) { prevTxScript = bscript.fromASM(input.prevTxScript) } txb.addInput(prevTx, input.vout, input.sequence, prevTxScript) }) f.outputs.forEach(function (output) { if (output.address) { txb.addOutput(output.address, output.value) } else { txb.addOutput(bscript.fromASM(output.script), output.value) } }) if (dontSign) return txb var stages = f.stages && f.stages.concat() f.inputs.forEach(function (input, index) { if (!input.signs) return input.signs.forEach(function (sign) { var keyPair = ECPair.fromWIF(sign.keyPair, network) var redeemScript var witnessScript var value if (sign.redeemScript) { redeemScript = bscript.fromASM(sign.redeemScript) } if (sign.value) { value = sign.value } if (sign.witnessScript) { witnessScript = bscript.fromASM(sign.witnessScript) } txb.sign(index, keyPair, redeemScript, sign.hashType, value, witnessScript) if (sign.stage) { var tx = txb.buildIncomplete() assert.strictEqual(tx.toHex(), stages.shift()) txb = TransactionBuilder.fromTransaction(tx, network) } }) }) return txb } describe('TransactionBuilder', function () { // constants var keyPair = new ECPair(BigInteger.ONE) var scripts = [ '1BgGZ9tcN4rm9KBzDn7KprQz87SZ26SAMH', '1cMh228HTCiwS8ZsaakH8A8wze1JR5ZsP' ].map(function (x) { return baddress.toOutputScript(x) }) var txHash = Buffer.from('0e7cea811c0be9f73c0aca591034396e7264473fc25c1ca45195d7417b36cbe2', 'hex') describe('fromTransaction', function () { fixtures.valid.build.forEach(function (f) { it('returns TransactionBuilder, with ' + f.description, function () { var network = NETWORKS[f.network || 'bitcoin'] var tx = Transaction.fromHex(f.txHex) var txb = TransactionBuilder.fromTransaction(tx, network) var txAfter = f.incomplete ? txb.buildIncomplete() : txb.build() assert.strictEqual(txAfter.toHex(), f.txHex) assert.strictEqual(txb.network, network) }) }) fixtures.valid.fromTransaction.forEach(function (f) { it('returns TransactionBuilder, with ' + f.description, function () { var tx = new Transaction() f.inputs.forEach(function (input) { var txHash2 = Buffer.from(input.txId, 'hex').reverse() tx.addInput(txHash2, input.vout, undefined, bscript.fromASM(input.scriptSig)) }) f.outputs.forEach(function (output) { tx.addOutput(bscript.fromASM(output.script), output.value) }) var txb = TransactionBuilder.fromTransaction(tx) var txAfter = f.incomplete ? txb.buildIncomplete() : txb.build() txAfter.ins.forEach(function (input, i) { assert.equal(bscript.toASM(input.script), f.inputs[i].scriptSigAfter) }) txAfter.outs.forEach(function (output, i) { assert.equal(bscript.toASM(output.script), f.outputs[i].script) }) }) }) it('correctly classifies transaction inputs', function () { var tx = Transaction.fromHex(fixtures.valid.classification.hex) var txb = TransactionBuilder.fromTransaction(tx) txb.inputs.forEach(function (i) { assert.strictEqual(i.prevOutType, 'scripthash') assert.strictEqual(i.redeemScriptType, 'multisig') assert.strictEqual(i.signType, 'multisig') }) }) fixtures.invalid.fromTransaction.forEach(function (f) { it('throws ' + f.exception, function () { var tx = Transaction.fromHex(f.txHex) assert.throws(function () { TransactionBuilder.fromTransaction(tx) }, new RegExp(f.exception)) }) }) }) describe('addInput', function () { var txb beforeEach(function () { txb = new TransactionBuilder() }) it('accepts a txHash, index [and sequence number]', function () { var vin = txb.addInput(txHash, 1, 54) assert.strictEqual(vin, 0) var txIn = txb.tx.ins[0] assert.strictEqual(txIn.hash, txHash) assert.strictEqual(txIn.index, 1) assert.strictEqual(txIn.sequence, 54) assert.strictEqual(txb.inputs[0].prevOutScript, undefined) }) it('accepts a txHash, index [, sequence number and scriptPubKey]', function () { var vin = txb.addInput(txHash, 1, 54, scripts[1]) assert.strictEqual(vin, 0) var txIn = txb.tx.ins[0] assert.strictEqual(txIn.hash, txHash) assert.strictEqual(txIn.index, 1) assert.strictEqual(txIn.sequence, 54) assert.strictEqual(txb.inputs[0].prevOutScript, scripts[1]) }) it('accepts a prevTx, index [and sequence number]', function () { var prevTx = new Transaction() prevTx.addOutput(scripts[0], 0) prevTx.addOutput(scripts[1], 1) var vin = txb.addInput(prevTx, 1, 54) assert.strictEqual(vin, 0) var txIn = txb.tx.ins[0] assert.deepEqual(txIn.hash, prevTx.getHash()) assert.strictEqual(txIn.index, 1) assert.strictEqual(txIn.sequence, 54) assert.strictEqual(txb.inputs[0].prevOutScript, scripts[1]) }) it('returns the input index', function () { assert.strictEqual(txb.addInput(txHash, 0), 0) assert.strictEqual(txb.addInput(txHash, 1), 1) }) it('throws if SIGHASH_ALL has been used to sign any existing scriptSigs', function () { txb.addInput(txHash, 0) txb.sign(0, keyPair) assert.throws(function () { txb.addInput(txHash, 0) }, /No, this would invalidate signatures/) }) }) describe('addOutput', function () { var txb beforeEach(function () { txb = new TransactionBuilder() }) it('accepts an address string and value', function () { var vout = txb.addOutput(keyPair.getAddress(), 1000) assert.strictEqual(vout, 0) var txout = txb.tx.outs[0] assert.deepEqual(txout.script, scripts[0]) assert.strictEqual(txout.value, 1000) }) it('accepts a ScriptPubKey and value', function () { var vout = txb.addOutput(scripts[0], 1000) assert.strictEqual(vout, 0) var txout = txb.tx.outs[0] assert.deepEqual(txout.script, scripts[0]) assert.strictEqual(txout.value, 1000) }) it('throws if address is of the wrong network', function () { assert.throws(function () { txb.addOutput('2NGHjvjw83pcVFgMcA7QvSMh2c246rxLVz9', 1000) }, /2NGHjvjw83pcVFgMcA7QvSMh2c246rxLVz9 has no matching Script/) }) it('add second output after signed first input with SIGHASH_NONE', function () { txb.addInput(txHash, 0) txb.addOutput(scripts[0], 2000) txb.sign(0, keyPair, undefined, Transaction.SIGHASH_NONE) assert.equal(txb.addOutput(scripts[1], 9000), 1) }) it('add first output after signed first input with SIGHASH_NONE', function () { txb.addInput(txHash, 0) txb.sign(0, keyPair, undefined, Transaction.SIGHASH_NONE) assert.equal(txb.addOutput(scripts[0], 2000), 0) }) it('add second output after signed first input with SIGHASH_SINGLE', function () { txb.addInput(txHash, 0) txb.addOutput(scripts[0], 2000) txb.sign(0, keyPair, undefined, Transaction.SIGHASH_SINGLE) assert.equal(txb.addOutput(scripts[1], 9000), 1) }) it('add first output after signed first input with SIGHASH_SINGLE', function () { txb.addInput(txHash, 0) txb.sign(0, keyPair, undefined, Transaction.SIGHASH_SINGLE) assert.throws(function () { txb.addOutput(scripts[0], 2000) }, /No, this would invalidate signatures/) }) it('throws if SIGHASH_ALL has been used to sign any existing scriptSigs', function () { txb.addInput(txHash, 0) txb.addOutput(scripts[0], 2000) txb.sign(0, keyPair) assert.throws(function () { txb.addOutput(scripts[1], 9000) }, /No, this would invalidate signatures/) }) }) describe('setLockTime', function () { it('throws if if there exist any scriptSigs', function () { var txb = new TransactionBuilder() txb.addInput(txHash, 0) txb.sign(0, keyPair) assert.throws(function () { txb.setLockTime(65535) }, /No, this would invalidate signatures/) }) }) describe('sign', function () { it('supports the alternative abstract interface { publicKey, sign }', function () { var keyPair = { publicKey: Buffer.alloc(33, 0x03), sign: function (hash) { return Buffer.alloc(64) } } var txb = new TransactionBuilder() txb.addInput('ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff', 1) txb.addOutput('1111111111111111111114oLvT2', 100000) txb.sign(0, keyPair) assert.equal(txb.build().toHex(), '0100000001ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff010000002c0930060201000201000121030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303030303ffffffff01a0860100000000001976a914000000000000000000000000000000000000000088ac00000000') }) fixtures.invalid.sign.forEach(function (f) { it('throws ' + f.exception + (f.description ? ' (' + f.description + ')' : ''), function () { var txb = construct(f, true) f.inputs.forEach(function (input, index) { input.signs.forEach(function (sign) { var keyPairNetwork = NETWORKS[sign.network || f.network] var keyPair2 = ECPair.fromWIF(sign.keyPair, keyPairNetwork) var redeemScript, witnessScript if (sign.redeemScript) { redeemScript = bscript.fromASM(sign.redeemScript) } if (sign.witnessScript) { witnessScript = bscript.fromASM(sign.witnessScript) } if (!sign.throws) { txb.sign(index, keyPair2, redeemScript, sign.hashType, sign.value, witnessScript) } else { assert.throws(function () { txb.sign(index, keyPair2, redeemScript, sign.hashType, sign.value, witnessScript) }, new RegExp(f.exception)) } }) }) }) }) }) describe('build', function () { fixtures.valid.build.forEach(function (f) { it('builds "' + f.description + '"', function () { var txb = construct(f) var tx = f.incomplete ? txb.buildIncomplete() : txb.build() assert.strictEqual(tx.toHex(), f.txHex) }) }) // TODO: remove duplicate test code fixtures.invalid.build.forEach(function (f) { describe('for ' + (f.description || f.exception), function () { it('throws ' + f.exception, function () { assert.throws(function () { var txb if (f.txHex) { txb = TransactionBuilder.fromTransaction(Transaction.fromHex(f.txHex)) } else { txb = construct(f) } txb.build() }, new RegExp(f.exception)) }) // if throws on incomplete too, enforce that if (f.incomplete) { it('throws ' + f.exception, function () { assert.throws(function () { var txb if (f.txHex) { txb = TransactionBuilder.fromTransaction(Transaction.fromHex(f.txHex)) } else { txb = construct(f) } txb.buildIncomplete() }, new RegExp(f.exception)) }) } else { it('does not throw if buildIncomplete', function () { var txb if (f.txHex) { txb = TransactionBuilder.fromTransaction(Transaction.fromHex(f.txHex)) } else { txb = construct(f) } txb.buildIncomplete() }) } }) }) it('for incomplete with 0 signatures', function () { var randomTxData = '0100000000010100010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffff01e8030000000000001976a9144c9c3dfac4207d5d8cb89df5722cb3d712385e3f88ac02483045022100aa5d8aa40a90f23ce2c3d11bc845ca4a12acd99cbea37de6b9f6d86edebba8cb022022dedc2aa0a255f74d04c0b76ece2d7c691f9dd11a64a8ac49f62a99c3a05f9d01232103596d3451025c19dbbdeb932d6bf8bfb4ad499b95b6f88db8899efac102e5fc71ac00000000' var randomAddress = '1BgGZ9tcN4rm9KBzDn7KprQz87SZ26SAMH' var randomTx = Transaction.fromHex(randomTxData) var tx = new TransactionBuilder() tx.addInput(randomTx, 0) tx.addOutput(randomAddress, 1000) tx = tx.buildIncomplete() assert(tx) }) it('for incomplete P2SH with 0 signatures', function () { var inp = Buffer.from('010000000173120703f67318aef51f7251272a6816d3f7523bb25e34b136d80be959391c100000000000ffffffff0100c817a80400000017a91471a8ec07ff69c6c4fee489184c462a9b1b9237488700000000', 'hex') // arbitrary P2SH input var inpTx = Transaction.fromBuffer(inp) var txb = new TransactionBuilder(NETWORKS.testnet) txb.addInput(inpTx, 0) txb.addOutput('2NAkqp5xffoomp5RLBcakuGpZ12GU4twdz4', 1e8) // arbitrary output txb.buildIncomplete() }) it('for incomplete P2WPKH with 0 signatures', function () { var inp = Buffer.from('010000000173120703f67318aef51f7251272a6816d3f7523bb25e34b136d80be959391c100000000000ffffffff0100c817a8040000001600141a15805e1f4040c9f68ccc887fca2e63547d794b00000000', 'hex') var inpTx = Transaction.fromBuffer(inp) var txb = new TransactionBuilder(NETWORKS.testnet) txb.addInput(inpTx, 0) txb.addOutput('2NAkqp5xffoomp5RLBcakuGpZ12GU4twdz4', 1e8) // arbitrary output txb.buildIncomplete() }) it('for incomplete P2WSH with 0 signatures', function () { var inpTx = Transaction.fromBuffer(Buffer.from('010000000173120703f67318aef51f7251272a6816d3f7523bb25e34b136d80be959391c100000000000ffffffff0100c817a80400000022002072df76fcc0b231b94bdf7d8c25d7eef4716597818d211e19ade7813bff7a250200000000', 'hex')) var txb = new TransactionBuilder(NETWORKS.testnet) txb.addInput(inpTx, 0) txb.addOutput('2NAkqp5xffoomp5RLBcakuGpZ12GU4twdz4', 1e8) // arbitrary output txb.buildIncomplete() }) }) describe('multisig', function () { fixtures.valid.multisig.forEach(function (f) { it(f.description, function () { var txb = construct(f, true) var tx var network = NETWORKS[f.network] f.inputs.forEach(function (input, i) { var redeemScript = bscript.fromASM(input.redeemScript) input.signs.forEach(function (sign) { // rebuild the transaction each-time after the first if (tx) { // do we filter OP_0's beforehand? if (sign.filterOP_0) { var scriptSig = tx.ins[i].script // ignore OP_0 on the front, ignore redeemScript var signatures = bscript.decompile(scriptSig).slice(1, -1).filter(function (x) { return x !== ops.OP_0 }) // rebuild/replace the scriptSig without them var replacement = btemplates.scriptHash.input.encode(btemplates.multisig.input.encode(signatures), redeemScript) assert.strictEqual(bscript.toASM(replacement), sign.scriptSigFiltered) tx.ins[i].script = replacement } // now import it txb = TransactionBuilder.fromTransaction(tx, network) } var keyPair2 = ECPair.fromWIF(sign.keyPair, network) txb.sign(i, keyPair2, redeemScript, sign.hashType) // update the tx tx = txb.buildIncomplete() // now verify the serialized scriptSig is as expected assert.strictEqual(bscript.toASM(tx.ins[i].script), sign.scriptSig) }) }) tx = txb.build() assert.strictEqual(tx.toHex(), f.txHex) }) }) }) describe('various edge case', function () { var network = NETWORKS.testnet it('should warn of high fee for segwit transaction based on VSize, not Size', function () { var rawtx = '01000000000104fdaac89627208b4733484ca56bc291f4cf4fa8d7c5f29893c52b46788a0a' + '1df90000000000fffffffffdaac89627208b4733484ca56bc291f4cf4fa8d7c5f29893c52b46788a0a1df9' + '0100000000ffffffffa2ef7aaab316a3e5b5b0a78d1d35c774b95a079f9f0c762277a49caf1f26bca40000' + '000000ffffffffa2ef7aaab316a3e5b5b0a78d1d35c774b95a079f9f0c762277a49caf1f26bca401000000' + '00ffffffff0100040000000000001976a914cf307285359ab7ef6a2daa0522c7908ddf5fe7a988ac024730' + '440220113324438816338406841775e079b04c50d04f241da652a4035b1017ea1ecf5502205802191eb49c' + '54bf2a5667aea72e51c3ca92085efc60f12d1ebda3a64aff343201210283409659355b6d1cc3c32decd5d5' + '61abaac86c37a353b52895a5e6c196d6f44802483045022100dc2892874e6d8708e3f5a058c5c9263cdf03' + '969492270f89ee4933caf6daf8bb0220391dfe61a002709b63b9d64422d3db09b727839d1287e10a128a5d' + 'b52a82309301210283409659355b6d1cc3c32decd5d561abaac86c37a353b52895a5e6c196d6f448024830' + '450221009e3ed3a6ae93a018f443257b43e47b55cf7f7f3547d8807178072234686b22160220576121cfe6' + '77c7eddf5575ea0a7c926247df6eca723c4f85df306e8bc08ea2df01210283409659355b6d1cc3c32decd5' + 'd561abaac86c37a353b52895a5e6c196d6f44802473044022007be81ffd4297441ab10e740fc9bab9545a2' + '194a565cd6aa4cc38b8eaffa343402201c5b4b61d73fa38e49c1ee68cc0e6dfd2f5dae453dd86eb142e87a' + '0bafb1bc8401210283409659355b6d1cc3c32decd5d561abaac86c37a353b52895a5e6c196d6f44800000000' var txb = TransactionBuilder.fromTransaction(Transaction.fromHex(rawtx)) txb.inputs[0].value = 241530 txb.inputs[1].value = 241530 txb.inputs[2].value = 248920 txb.inputs[3].value = 248920 assert.throws(function () { txb.build() }, new RegExp('Transaction has absurd fees')) }) it('should classify witness inputs with witness = true during multisigning', function () { var keyPair = ECPair.fromWIF('cRAwuVuVSBZMPu7hdrYvMCZ8eevzmkExjFbaBLhqnDdrezxN3nTS', network) var witnessScript = Buffer.from('522102bbbd6eb01efcbe4bd9664b886f26f69de5afcb2e479d72596c8bf21929e352e22102d9c3f7180ef13ec5267723c9c2ffab56a4215241f837502ea8977c8532b9ea1952ae', 'hex') var redeemScript = Buffer.from('002024376a0a9abab599d0e028248d48ebe817bc899efcffa1cd2984d67289daf5af', 'hex') var scriptPubKey = Buffer.from('a914b64f1a3eacc1c8515592a6f10457e8ff90e4db6a87', 'hex') var txb = new TransactionBuilder(network) txb.addInput('a4696c4b0cd27ec2e173ab1fa7d1cc639a98ee237cec95a77ca7ff4145791529', 1, 0xffffffff, scriptPubKey) txb.addOutput(scriptPubKey, 99000) txb.sign(0, keyPair, redeemScript, null, 100000, witnessScript) // 2-of-2 signed only once var tx = txb.buildIncomplete() // Only input is segwit, so txid should be accurate with the final tx assert.equal(tx.getId(), 'f15d0a65b21b4471405b21a099f8b18e1ae4d46d55efbd0f4766cf11ad6cb821') var txHex = tx.toHex() var newTxb = TransactionBuilder.fromTransaction(Transaction.fromHex(txHex)) // input should have the key 'witness' set to true assert.equal(newTxb.inputs[0].witness, true) }) it('should handle badly pre-filled OP_0s', function () { // OP_0 is used where a signature is missing var redeemScripSig = bscript.fromASM('OP_0 OP_0 3045022100daf0f4f3339d9fbab42b098045c1e4958ee3b308f4ae17be80b63808558d0adb02202f07e3d1f79dc8da285ae0d7f68083d769c11f5621ebd9691d6b48c0d4283d7d01 52410479be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b84104c6047f9441ed7d6d3045406e95c07cd85c778e4b8cef3ca7abac09b95c709ee51ae168fea63dc339a3c58419466ceaeef7f632653266d0e1236431a950cfe52a4104f9308a019258c31049344f85f89d5229b531c845836f99b08601f113bce036f9388f7b0f632de8140fe337e62a37f3566500a99934c2231b6cb9fd7584b8e67253ae') var redeemScript = bscript.fromASM('OP_2 0479be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8 04c6047f9441ed7d6d3045406e95c07cd85c778e4b8cef3ca7abac09b95c709ee51ae168fea63dc339a3c58419466ceaeef7f632653266d0e1236431a950cfe52a 04f9308a019258c31049344f85f89d5229b531c845836f99b08601f113bce036f9388f7b0f632de8140fe337e62a37f3566500a99934c2231b6cb9fd7584b8e672 OP_3 OP_CHECKMULTISIG') var tx = new Transaction() tx.addInput(Buffer.from('cff58855426469d0ef16442ee9c644c4fb13832467bcbc3173168a7916f07149', 'hex'), 0, undefined, redeemScripSig) tx.addOutput(Buffer.from('76a914aa4d7985c57e011a8b3dd8e0e5a73aaef41629c588ac', 'hex'), 1000) // now import the Transaction var txb = TransactionBuilder.fromTransaction(tx, NETWORKS.testnet) var keyPair2 = ECPair.fromWIF('91avARGdfge8E4tZfYLoxeJ5sGBdNJQH4kvjJoQFacbgx3cTMqe', network) txb.sign(0, keyPair2, redeemScript) var tx2 = txb.build() assert.equal(tx2.getId(), 'eab59618a564e361adef6d918bd792903c3d41bcf1220137364fb847880467f9') assert.equal(bscript.toASM(tx2.ins[0].script), 'OP_0 3045022100daf0f4f3339d9fbab42b098045c1e4958ee3b308f4ae17be80b63808558d0adb02202f07e3d1f79dc8da285ae0d7f68083d769c11f5621ebd9691d6b48c0d4283d7d01 3045022100a346c61738304eac5e7702188764d19cdf68f4466196729db096d6c87ce18cdd022018c0e8ad03054b0e7e235cda6bedecf35881d7aa7d94ff425a8ace7220f38af001 52410479be667ef9dcbbac55a06295ce870b07029bfcdb2dce28d959f2815b16f81798483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b84104c6047f9441ed7d6d3045406e95c07cd85c778e4b8cef3ca7abac09b95c709ee51ae168fea63dc339a3c58419466ceaeef7f632653266d0e1236431a950cfe52a4104f9308a019258c31049344f85f89d5229b531c845836f99b08601f113bce036f9388f7b0f632de8140fe337e62a37f3566500a99934c2231b6cb9fd7584b8e67253ae') }) it('should not classify blank scripts as nonstandard', function () { var tx = new TransactionBuilder() tx.addInput('aa94ab02c182214f090e99a0d57021caffd0f195a81c24602b1028b130b63e31', 0) var incomplete = tx.buildIncomplete().toHex() var keyPair = ECPair.fromWIF('L1uyy5qTuGrVXrmrsvHWHgVzW9kKdrp27wBC7Vs6nZDTF2BRUVwy') // sign, as expected tx.addOutput('1Gokm82v6DmtwKEB8AiVhm82hyFSsEvBDK', 15000) tx.sign(0, keyPair) var txId = tx.build().getId() assert.equal(txId, '54f097315acbaedb92a95455da3368eb45981cdae5ffbc387a9afc872c0f29b3') // and, repeat tx = TransactionBuilder.fromTransaction(Transaction.fromHex(incomplete)) tx.addOutput('1Gokm82v6DmtwKEB8AiVhm82hyFSsEvBDK', 15000) tx.sign(0, keyPair) var txId2 = tx.build().getId() assert.equal(txId, txId2) }) }) })