This introduces a new indexing infrastructure for supporting optional
indexes using the new database and blockchain infrastructure along with
two concrete indexer implementations which provide both a
transaction-by-hash and a transaction-by-address index.
The new infrastructure is mostly separated into a package named indexers
which is housed under the blockchain package. In order to support this,
a new interface named IndexManager has been introduced in the blockchain
package which provides methods to be notified when the chain has been
initialized and when blocks are connected and disconnected from the main
chain. A concrete implementation of an index manager is provided by the
new indexers package.
The new indexers package also provides a new interface named Indexer
which allows the index manager to manage concrete index implementations
which conform to the interface.
The following is high level overview of the main index infrastructure
changes:
- Define a new IndexManager interface in the blockchain package and
modify the package to make use of the interface when specified
- Create a new indexers package
- Provides an Index interface which allows concrete indexes to plugin
to an index manager
- Provides a concrete IndexManager implementation
- Handles the lifecycle of all indexes it manages
- Tracks the index tips
- Handles catching up disabled indexes that have been reenabled
- Handles reorgs while the index was disabled
- Invokes the appropriate methods for all managed indexes to allow
them to index and deindex the blocks and transactions
- Implement a transaction-by-hash index
- Makes use of internal block IDs to save a significant amount of
space and indexing costs over the old transaction index format
- Implement a transaction-by-address index
- Makes use of a leveling scheme in order to provide a good tradeoff
between space required and indexing costs
- Supports enabling and disabling indexes at will
- Support the ability to drop indexes if they are no longer desired
The following is an overview of the btcd changes:
- Add a new index logging subsystem
- Add new options --txindex and --addrindex in order to enable the
optional indexes
- NOTE: The transaction index will automatically be enabled when the
address index is enabled because it depends on it
- Add new options --droptxindex and --dropaddrindex to allow the indexes
to be removed
- NOTE: The address index will also be removed when the transaction
index is dropped because it depends on it
- Update getrawtransactions RPC to make use of the transaction index
- Reimplement the searchrawtransaction RPC that makes use of the address
index
- Update sample-btcd.conf to include sample usage for the new optional
index flags
This commit is the first stage of several that are planned to convert
the blockchain package into a concurrent safe package that will
ultimately allow support for multi-peer download and concurrent chain
processing. The goal is to update btcd proper after each step so it can
take advantage of the enhancements as they are developed.
In addition to the aforementioned benefit, this staged approach has been
chosen since it is absolutely critical to maintain consensus.
Separating the changes into several stages makes it easier for reviewers
to logically follow what is happening and therefore helps prevent
consensus bugs. Naturally there are significant automated tests to help
prevent consensus issues as well.
The main focus of this stage is to convert the blockchain package to use
the new database interface and implement the chain-related functionality
which it no longer handles. It also aims to improve efficiency in
various areas by making use of the new database and chain capabilities.
The following is an overview of the chain changes:
- Update to use the new database interface
- Add chain-related functionality that the old database used to handle
- Main chain structure and state
- Transaction spend tracking
- Implement a new pruned unspent transaction output (utxo) set
- Provides efficient direct access to the unspent transaction outputs
- Uses a domain specific compression algorithm that understands the
standard transaction scripts in order to significantly compress them
- Removes reliance on the transaction index and paves the way toward
eventually enabling block pruning
- Modify the New function to accept a Config struct instead of
inidividual parameters
- Replace the old TxStore type with a new UtxoViewpoint type that makes
use of the new pruned utxo set
- Convert code to treat the new UtxoViewpoint as a rolling view that is
used between connects and disconnects to improve efficiency
- Make best chain state always set when the chain instance is created
- Remove now unnecessary logic for dealing with unset best state
- Make all exported functions concurrent safe
- Currently using a single chain state lock as it provides a straight
forward and easy to review path forward however this can be improved
with more fine grained locking
- Optimize various cases where full blocks were being loaded when only
the header is needed to help reduce the I/O load
- Add the ability for callers to get a snapshot of the current best
chain stats in a concurrent safe fashion
- Does not block callers while new blocks are being processed
- Make error messages that reference transaction outputs consistently
use <transaction hash>:<output index>
- Introduce a new AssertError type an convert internal consistency
checks to use it
- Update tests and examples to reflect the changes
- Add a full suite of tests to ensure correct functionality of the new
code
The following is an overview of the btcd changes:
- Update to use the new database and chain interfaces
- Temporarily remove all code related to the transaction index
- Temporarily remove all code related to the address index
- Convert all code that uses transaction stores to use the new utxo
view
- Rework several calls that required the block manager for safe
concurrency to use the chain package directly now that it is
concurrent safe
- Change all calls to obtain the best hash to use the new best state
snapshot capability from the chain package
- Remove workaround for limits on fetching height ranges since the new
database interface no longer imposes them
- Correct the gettxout RPC handler to return the best chain hash as
opposed the hash the txout was found in
- Optimize various RPC handlers:
- Change several of the RPC handlers to use the new chain snapshot
capability to avoid needlessly loading data
- Update several handlers to use new functionality to avoid accessing
the block manager so they are able to return the data without
blocking when the server is busy processing blocks
- Update non-verbose getblock to avoid deserialization and
serialization overhead
- Update getblockheader to request the block height directly from
chain and only load the header
- Update getdifficulty to use the new cached data from chain
- Update getmininginfo to use the new cached data from chain
- Update non-verbose getrawtransaction to avoid deserialization and
serialization overhead
- Update gettxout to use the new utxo store versus loading
full transactions using the transaction index
The following is an overview of the utility changes:
- Update addblock to use the new database and chain interfaces
- Update findcheckpoint to use the new database and chain interfaces
- Remove the dropafter utility which is no longer supported
NOTE: The transaction index and address index will be reimplemented in
another commit.
mempoolPolicy contains the values that configure the mempool policy.
This decouples the values from the internals of btcd to move closer
to a mempool package.
The --blocksonly configuration option disables accepting transactions
from remote peers. It will still accept, relay, and rebroadcast
valid transactions sent via RPC or websockets.
This modifies the peer package to add support for the sendheaders
protocol message introduced by BIP0030.
NOTE: This does not add support to btcd itself. That requires the server
and sync code to make use of the new functionality exposed by these
changes. As a result, btcd will still be using protocol version 70011.
This ensures the channel passed to QueueMessage is writable and that
QueueMessage will not read from the channel (write-only).
This change is merely a safety change. If a user of the API passes
a read-only channel to QueueMessage, it will now be caught at compile
time instead of panicking during runtime.
Also update internal functions.
When the RPC server is not running a buffered transaction notification
channel fills and eventually blocks. This commit ensures that the
channel continues to be drained irrespective of the RPC server status.
Dynamic ban scores consist of a persistent and a decaying component. The
persistent score can be used to create simple additive banning policies
simlar to those found in other bitcoin node implementations. The
decaying score enables the creation of evasive logic which handles
misbehaving peers (especially application layer DoS attacks) gracefully
by disconnecting and banning peers attempting various kinds of flooding.
Dynamic ban scores allow these two approaches to be used in tandem.
This pull request includes the following:
- Dynamic ban score type & functions, with tests for core functionality
- Ban score of connected peers can be queried via rpc (getpeerinfo)
- Example policy with decaying score increments on mempool and getdata
- Logging of misbehavior once half of the ban threshold is reached
- Banning logic can be disabled via configuration (enabled by default)
- User defined ban threshold can be set via configuration
This updates a couple of logging statements to use the serverPeer
instance instead of the embedded peer.Peer so they are consistent with
all of the other log statements.
This commit does not change functionality. It makes the creation of inbound and outbound peers more homogeneous. As a result the Start method of peer was removed as it was found not to be necessary. This is the first of several pull requests/commits designed to make the peer public API and internals less complex.
When a persistent peer is disconnected (for example due to a
network timeout), a connection retry is issued. The logic for
doing so failed to remove the peer from the peerState, causing
dead peer connections to fill the peerState. Since connections
in the peerState are counted towards the maxPeers limit, this
would cause btcd to eventually stop retrying connection.
This commit fixes the issue by properly removing the peer from
the peerState.
The CPU miner relies on the mempool, so the mempool has to be created
before calling the function to create the CPU miner. When PR #568
introduced the mempool config struct, it moved the mempool creation
after the miner creation, which leads to the CPU miner crashing due to
trying to access a nil mempool.
This move the CPU miner creation after the mempool creation
appropriately.
This creates a skeleton mining package that simply contains a few of the
definitions used by the mining and mempool code.
This is a step towards decoupling the mining code from the internals of
btcd and ultimately will house all of the code related to creating block
templates and CPU mining.
The main reason a skeleton package is being created before the full
blown package is ready is to avoid blocking mempool separation which
relies on these type definitions.
This fixes an issue introduced during the peer refactor where persistent
peers that failed the initial connection are not retried as intended.
It also improves the retry logic as follows:
- Make the retry handler goroutine simply use a for loop instead of
launching a new goroutine for each backoff attempt. Even though
goroutines are fairly cheap to create, it is much more efficient to
simply loop
- Change the retry handler to accept a flag if it is the initial attempt
- Rather than dividing the const interval by 2 everywhere and passing
the retry duration in, just half the constant and set the initial
duration to it in the retry handler
Finally, include the address of the peer in the error message when a new
outbound peer can't be created.
This introduces the concept of a mining policy struct which is used to
control block template generation instead of directly accessing the
config struct. This is a step toward decoupling the mining code from
the internals of btcd. Ultimately the intent is to create a separate
mining package.
When the peer code was refactored, the lists of peers were converted to
maps however the code which runs when a peer disconnects still iterates
them like a slice. This is no longer necessary since they are maps
which means the peer can simply be looked up by its ID.
Also, the old code was comparing the map entry and the peer being
removed by their pointers which could lead to potentially not properly
finding the peer. This issue is also resolved by this change since it
looks up the peer by its ID.
This modifies the IP parsing code to work with IPv6 zone ids. This is
needed since the net.ParseIP function does not allow zone ids even
though net.Listen does.
This commit introduces package peer which contains peer related features
refactored from peer.go.
The following is an overview of the features the package provides:
- Provides a basic concurrent safe bitcoin peer for handling bitcoin
communications via the peer-to-peer protocol
- Full duplex reading and writing of bitcoin protocol messages
- Automatic handling of the initial handshake process including protocol
version negotiation
- Automatic periodic keep-alive pinging and pong responses
- Asynchronous message queueing of outbound messages with optional
channel for notification when the message is actually sent
- Inventory message batching and send trickling with known inventory
detection and avoidance
- Ability to wait for shutdown/disconnect
- Flexible peer configuration
- Caller is responsible for creating outgoing connections and listening
for incoming connections so they have flexibility to establish
connections as they see fit (proxies, etc.)
- User agent name and version
- Bitcoin network
- Service support signalling (full nodes, bloom filters, etc.)
- Maximum supported protocol version
- Ability to register callbacks for handling bitcoin protocol messages
- Proper handling of bloom filter related commands when the caller does
not specify the related flag to signal support
- Disconnects the peer when the protocol version is high enough
- Does not invoke the related callbacks for older protocol versions
- Snapshottable peer statistics such as the total number of bytes read
and written, the remote address, user agent, and negotiated protocol
version
- Helper functions for pushing addresses, getblocks, getheaders, and
reject messages
- These could all be sent manually via the standard message output
function, but the helpers provide additional nice functionality such
as duplicate filtering and address randomization
- Full documentation with example usage
- Test coverage
In addition to the addition of the new package, btcd has been refactored
to make use of the new package by extending the basic peer it provides to
work with the blockmanager and server to act as a full node. The
following is a broad overview of the changes to integrate the package:
- The server is responsible for all connection management including
persistent peers and banning
- Callbacks for all messages that are required to implement a full node
are registered
- Logic necessary to serve data and behave as a full node is now in the
callback registered with the peer
Finally, the following peer-related things have been improved as a part
of this refactor:
- Don't log or send reject message due to peer disconnects
- Remove trace logs that aren't particularly helpful
- Finish an old TODO to switch the queue WaitGroup over to a channel
- Improve various comments and fix some code consistency cases
- Improve a few logging bits
- Implement a most-recently-used nonce tracking for detecting self
connections and generate a unique nonce for each peer
Also, update TravisCI goclean script to remove the special casing which
ignored 'Id' from the lint output since that exception is no longer
needed. It was previously required due to the old version of btcjson,
but that is no longer in the repo.
Introduce an ECDSA signature verification into btcd in order to
mitigate a certain DoS attack and as a performance optimization.
The benefits of SigCache are two fold. Firstly, usage of SigCache
mitigates a DoS attack wherein an attacker causes a victim's client to
hang due to worst-case behavior triggered while processing attacker
crafted invalid transactions. A detailed description of the mitigated
DoS attack can be found here: https://bitslog.wordpress.com/2013/01/23/fixed-bitcoin-vulnerability-explanation-why-the-signature-cache-is-a-dos-protection/
Secondly, usage of the SigCache introduces a signature verification
optimization which speeds up the validation of transactions within a
block, if they've already been seen and verified within the mempool.
The server itself manages the sigCache instance. The blockManager and
txMempool respectively now receive pointers to the created sigCache
instance. All read (sig triplet existence) operations on the sigCache
will not block unless a separate goroutine is adding an entry (writing)
to the sigCache. GetBlockTemplate generation now also utilizes the
sigCache in order to avoid unnecessarily double checking signatures
when generating a template after previously accepting a txn to the
mempool. Consequently, the CPU miner now also employs the same
optimization.
The maximum number of entries for the sigCache has been introduced as a
config parameter in order to allow users to configure the amount of
memory consumed by this new additional caching.
SFNodeBloom is a new service flag that a node is required to use to
indicate that it supports bloom filtering. This includes a protocol
version bump to 70011 and a wire version bump to 0.3.0.
btcd:
The SFNodeBloom flag is set by default. A new configuration option
--nopeerbloomfilters has been added to to disable bloom filtering.
Any node advertising a version greater than or equal to 70011 that
attempts to use bloom filtering will be disconnected if bloom
filtering is disabled.
This mimics Bitcoin Core commit afb0ccaf9c9e4e8fac7db3564c4e19c9218c6b03
The comment says "only allow recent nodes (10mins) after we failed 30 times",
but the server actually did the opposite and allowed only recent nodes before
30 failed connection attempts. This corrects the server's behavior.
This commit correctly replaces persistent peers that are being retried in
the list of persistent peers so it will continue to be retried as
intended.
Also, limit the maximum retry interval for persistent peers to 5 minutes.
Fixes#463.
* The cases for the 'addnode' command were previously
stacked on top the new cases for the 'node' command.
The intended behavior was to create a fall through and
handle both commands. However, trying to use this
syntax with a type switch caused the first case to be
ignored.
* addnode' specific functions and structs in the server
have been removed. Instead, the 'add' and 'del' subcommands
are now proxied to the matching 'node' cmd functions.
* Gives node operators full control of peer connectivity
* RPC adds ability to disconnect all matching non-persistent peers,
remove persistent peers, and connect to peers making them either
temporary or persistent.
This change was suggested as Countermeasure 2 in
Eclipse Attacks on Bitcoin's Peer-to-Peer Network, Ethan
Heilman, Alison Kendler, Aviv Zohar, Sharon Goldberg. ePrint Archive
Report 2015/263. March 2015.
This mimics Bitcoin Core commit c6a63ceeb4956933588995bcf01dc3095aaeb1fc
This commit contains three classes of optimizations:
- Reducing the number of unnecessary hash copies
- Improve the performance of the DoubleSha256 function
- A couple of minor optimizations of the ShaHash functions
The first class is a result of the Bytes function on a ShaHash making a
copy of the bytes before returning them. It really should have been named
CloneBytes, but that would break the API now.
To address this, a comment has been added to the function which explicitly
calls out the copy behavior. In addition, all call sites of .Bytes on a
ShaHash in the code base have been updated to simply slice the array when
a copy is not needed. This saves a significant amount of data copying.
The second optimization modifies the DoubleSha256 function to directly use
fastsha256.Sum256 instead of the hasher interface. This reduces the
number of allocations needed. A benchmark for the function has been added
as well.
old: BenchmarkDoubleSha256 500000 3691 ns/op 192 B/op 3 allocs/op
new: BenchmarkDoubleSha256 500000 3081 ns/op 32 B/op 1 allocs/op
The final optimizations are for the ShaHash IsEqual and SetBytes functions
which have been modified to make use of the fact the type is an array and
remove an unneeded subslice.
In order to avoid prior situations of stalled syncs due to
outdated peer height data, we now update block heights up peers in
real-time as we learn of their announced
blocks.
Updates happen when:
* A peer sends us an orphan block. We update based on
the height embedded in the scriptSig for the coinbase tx
* When a peer sends us an inv for a block we already know
of
* When peers announce new blocks. Subsequent
announcements that lost the announcement race are
recognized and peer heights are updated accordingly
Additionally, the `getpeerinfo` command has been modified
to include both the starting height, and current height of
connected peers.
Docs have been updated with `getpeerinfo` extension.
This commit converts the RPC server over to use the new features available
in the latest version of btcjson and improve a few things along the way.
This following summarizes the changes:
- All btcjson imports have been updated to the latest package version
- The help has been significantly improved
- Invoking help with no command specified now provides an alphabetized
list of all supported commands along with one-line usage
- The help for each command is automatically generated and provides much
more explicit information such as the type of each parameter, whether
or not it's optional or required, etc
- The websocket-specific commands are now provided when accessing the
help when connected via websockets
- Help has been added for all websocket-specific commands and is only
accessible when connected via websockets
- The error returns and handling of both the standard and websocket
handlers has been made consistent
- All RPC errors have been converted to the new RPCError type
- Various variables have been renamed for consistency
- Several RPC errors have been improved
- The commands that are marked as unimplemented have been moved into the
separate map where they belong
- Several comments have been improved
- An unnecessary check has been removed from the createrawtransaction
handler
- The command parsing has been restructured a bit to pave the way for
JSON-RPC 2.0 batching support
* Address index is built up concurrently with the `--addrindex` flag.
* Entire index can be deleted with `--dropaddrindex`.
* New RPC call: `searchrawtransaction`
* Returns all transacitons related to a particular address
* Includes mempool transactions
* Requires `--addrindex` to be activated and fully caught up.
* New `blockLogger` struct has been added to factor our common logging
code
* Wiki and docs updated with new features.
* When an inv is to be sent to the server for relaying, the sender
already has access to the underlying data. So
instead of requiring the relay to look up the data by
hash, the data is now coupled in the request message.
