database/ffldb/dbcache.go

@@ -288,6 +288,9 @@ type dbCacheSnapshot struct {
 	dbSnapshot        *leveldb.Snapshot
 	pendingKeys       *treap.Immutable
 	pendingRemove     *treap.Immutable
+	pendingKeysSnap   *treap.SnapRecord
+	pendingRemoveSnap *treap.SnapRecord
+	cacheFlushed      int
 }
 
 // Has returns whether or not the passed key exists.
@@ -327,6 +330,18 @@ func (snap *dbCacheSnapshot) Get(key []byte) []byte {
 // Release releases the snapshot.
 func (snap *dbCacheSnapshot) Release() {
 	snap.dbSnapshot.Release()
+	if snap.cacheFlushed > 0 && snap.pendingKeys != nil {
+		snap.pendingKeys.Recycle(snap.pendingKeysSnap)
+	}
+	if snap.cacheFlushed > 0 && snap.pendingRemove != nil {
+		snap.pendingRemove.Recycle(snap.pendingRemoveSnap)
+	}
+	if snap.pendingKeysSnap != nil {
+		snap.pendingKeysSnap.Release()
+	}
+	if snap.pendingRemoveSnap != nil {
+		snap.pendingRemoveSnap.Release()
+	}
 	snap.pendingKeys = nil
 	snap.pendingRemove = nil
 }
@@ -411,6 +426,12 @@ func (c *dbCache) Snapshot() (*dbCacheSnapshot, error) {
 		pendingKeys:   c.cachedKeys,
 		pendingRemove: c.cachedRemove,
 	}
+	if cacheSnapshot.pendingKeys != nil {
+		cacheSnapshot.pendingKeysSnap = cacheSnapshot.pendingKeys.Snapshot()
+	}
+	if cacheSnapshot.pendingRemove != nil {
+		cacheSnapshot.pendingRemoveSnap = cacheSnapshot.pendingRemove.Snapshot()
+	}
 	c.cacheLock.RUnlock()
 	return cacheSnapshot, nil
 }
@@ -485,7 +506,7 @@ func (c *dbCache) commitTreaps(pendingKeys, pendingRemove TreapForEacher) error
 // cache to the underlying database.
 //
 // This function MUST be called with the database write lock held.
-func (c *dbCache) flush() error {
+func (c *dbCache) flush(tx *transaction) error {
 	c.lastFlush = time.Now()
 
 	// Sync the current write file associated with the block store.  This is
@@ -499,12 +520,10 @@ func (c *dbCache) flush() error {
 	// Since the cached keys to be added and removed use an immutable treap,
 	// a snapshot is simply obtaining the root of the tree under the lock
 	// which is used to atomically swap the root.
-	c.cacheLock.Lock()
+	c.cacheLock.RLock()
 	cachedKeys := c.cachedKeys
 	cachedRemove := c.cachedRemove
-	c.cachedKeys = treap.NewImmutable()
-	c.cachedRemove = treap.NewImmutable()
-	c.cacheLock.Unlock()
+	c.cacheLock.RUnlock()
 
 	// Nothing to do if there is no data to flush.
 	if cachedKeys.Len() == 0 && cachedRemove.Len() == 0 {
@@ -516,6 +535,20 @@ func (c *dbCache) flush() error {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	c.cacheLock.Lock()
+	c.cachedKeys = treap.NewImmutable()
+	c.cachedRemove = treap.NewImmutable()
+	c.cacheLock.Unlock()
+
+	cachedKeys.Recycle(nil)
+	cachedRemove.Recycle(nil)
+
+	// Make a note that cache was flushed so tx.snapshot.Release()
+	// can also call Recycle() to free more nodes.
+	if tx != nil && tx.snapshot != nil {
+		tx.snapshot.cacheFlushed++
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -564,7 +597,7 @@ func (c *dbCache) commitTx(tx *transaction) error {
 	// Flush the cache and write the current transaction directly to the
 	// database if a flush is needed.
 	if c.needsFlush(tx) {
-		if err := c.flush(); err != nil {
+		if err := c.flush(tx); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
@@ -574,9 +607,16 @@ func (c *dbCache) commitTx(tx *transaction) error {
 			return err
 		}
 
+		pk := tx.pendingKeys
+		pr := tx.pendingRemove
+
 		// Clear the transaction entries since they have been committed.
 		tx.pendingKeys = nil
 		tx.pendingRemove = nil
+
+		pk.Recycle()
+		pr.Recycle()
+
 		return nil
 	}
 
@@ -593,19 +633,23 @@ func (c *dbCache) commitTx(tx *transaction) error {
 
 	// Apply every key to add in the database transaction to the cache.
 	tx.pendingKeys.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) bool {
-		newCachedRemove = newCachedRemove.Delete(k)
-		newCachedKeys = newCachedKeys.Put(k, v)
+		treap.DeleteM(&newCachedRemove, k, tx.snapshot.pendingRemoveSnap)
+		treap.PutM(&newCachedKeys, k, v, tx.snapshot.pendingKeysSnap)
 		return true
 	})
+	pk := tx.pendingKeys
 	tx.pendingKeys = nil
+	pk.Recycle()
 
 	// Apply every key to remove in the database transaction to the cache.
 	tx.pendingRemove.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) bool {
-		newCachedKeys = newCachedKeys.Delete(k)
-		newCachedRemove = newCachedRemove.Put(k, nil)
+		treap.DeleteM(&newCachedKeys, k, tx.snapshot.pendingKeysSnap)
+		treap.PutM(&newCachedRemove, k, nil, tx.snapshot.pendingRemoveSnap)
 		return true
 	})
+	pr := tx.pendingRemove
 	tx.pendingRemove = nil
+	pr.Recycle()
 
 	// Atomically replace the immutable treaps which hold the cached keys to
 	// add and delete.
@@ -613,6 +657,7 @@ func (c *dbCache) commitTx(tx *transaction) error {
 	c.cachedKeys = newCachedKeys
 	c.cachedRemove = newCachedRemove
 	c.cacheLock.Unlock()
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -622,7 +667,7 @@ func (c *dbCache) commitTx(tx *transaction) error {
 // This function MUST be called with the database write lock held.
 func (c *dbCache) Close() error {
 	// Flush any outstanding cached entries to disk.
-	if err := c.flush(); err != nil {
+	if err := c.flush(nil); err != nil {
 		// Even if there is an error while flushing, attempt to close
 		// the underlying database.  The error is ignored since it would
 		// mask the flush error.

database/ffldb/whitebox_test.go

@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ func testWriteFailures(tc *testContext) bool {
 		file: &mockFile{forceSyncErr: true, maxSize: -1},
 	}
 	store.writeCursor.Unlock()
-	err := tc.db.(*db).cache.flush()
+	err := tc.db.(*db).cache.flush(nil)
 	if !checkDbError(tc.t, testName, err, database.ErrDriverSpecific) {
 		return false
 	}

database/internal/treap/common.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package treap
 
 import (
 	"math/rand"
+	"sync"
 	"time"
 )
 
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ const (
 	// size in that case is acceptable since it avoids the need to import
 	// unsafe.  It consists of 24-bytes for each key and value + 8 bytes for
 	// each of the priority, left, and right fields (24*2 + 8*3).
-	nodeFieldsSize = 72
+	nodeFieldsSize = 96
 )
 
 var (
@@ -33,6 +34,15 @@ var (
 	emptySlice = make([]byte, 0)
 )
 
+const (
+	// mutableGeneration is the generation number for nodes in a Mutable treap.
+	mutableGeneration int = -1
+	// recycleGeneration indicates node is scheduled for recycling back to nodePool.
+	recycleGeneration int = -2
+	// poolGeneration is the generation number for free nodes in the nodePool.
+	poolGeneration int = -3
+)
+
 // treapNode represents a node in the treap.
 type treapNode struct {
 	key        []byte
@@ -40,6 +50,8 @@ type treapNode struct {
 	priority   int
 	left       *treapNode
 	right      *treapNode
+	generation int
+	next       *treapNode
 }
 
 // nodeSize returns the number of bytes the specified node occupies including
@@ -48,10 +60,40 @@ func nodeSize(node *treapNode) uint64 {
 	return nodeFieldsSize + uint64(len(node.key)+len(node.value))
 }
 
-// newTreapNode returns a new node from the given key, value, and priority.  The
-// node is not initially linked to any others.
-func newTreapNode(key, value []byte, priority int) *treapNode {
-	return &treapNode{key: key, value: value, priority: priority}
+func poolNewTreapNode() interface{} {
+	return &treapNode{key: nil, value: nil, priority: 0, generation: poolGeneration}
+}
+
+// Pool of treapNode available for reuse.
+var nodePool sync.Pool = sync.Pool{New: poolNewTreapNode}
+
+// getTreapNode returns a node from nodePool with the given key, value, priority,
+// and generation. The node is not initially linked to any others.
+func getTreapNode(key, value []byte, priority int, generation int) *treapNode {
+	n := nodePool.Get().(*treapNode)
+	n.key = key
+	n.value = value
+	n.priority = priority
+	n.left = nil
+	n.right = nil
+	n.generation = generation
+	n.next = nil
+	return n
+}
+
+// putTreapNode returns a node back to nodePool for reuse.
+func putTreapNode(n *treapNode) {
+	if n.generation <= poolGeneration {
+		panic("double free of treapNode detected")
+	}
+	n.key = nil
+	n.value = nil
+	n.priority = 0
+	n.left = nil
+	n.right = nil
+	n.generation = poolGeneration
+	n.next = nil
+	nodePool.Put(n)
 }
 
 // parentStack represents a stack of parent treap nodes that are used during

database/internal/treap/common_test.go

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ testLoop:
 		for j := 0; j < test.numNodes; j++ {
 			var key [4]byte
 			binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(key[:], uint32(j))
-			node := newTreapNode(key[:], key[:], 0)
+			node := getTreapNode(key[:], key[:], 0, 0)
 			nodes = append(nodes, node)
 		}
 

database/internal/treap/immutable.go

@@ -7,17 +7,15 @@ package treap
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"math/rand"
+	"sync"
 )
 
 // cloneTreapNode returns a shallow copy of the passed node.
 func cloneTreapNode(node *treapNode) *treapNode {
-	return &treapNode{
-		key:      node.key,
-		value:    node.value,
-		priority: node.priority,
-		left:     node.left,
-		right:    node.right,
-	}
+	clone := getTreapNode(node.key, node.value, node.priority, node.generation+1)
+	clone.left = node.left
+	clone.right = node.right
+	return clone
 }
 
 // Immutable represents a treap data structure which is used to hold ordered
@@ -43,11 +41,19 @@ type Immutable struct {
 	// totalSize is the best estimate of the total size of of all data in
 	// the treap including the keys, values, and node sizes.
 	totalSize uint64
+
+	// generation number starts at 0 after NewImmutable(), and
+	// is incremented with every Put()/Delete().
+	generation int
+
+	// snap is a pointer to a node in snapshot history linked list.
+	// A value nil means no snapshots are outstanding.
+	snap **SnapRecord
 }
 
 // newImmutable returns a new immutable treap given the passed parameters.
-func newImmutable(root *treapNode, count int, totalSize uint64) *Immutable {
-	return &Immutable{root: root, count: count, totalSize: totalSize}
+func newImmutable(root *treapNode, count int, totalSize uint64, generation int, snap **SnapRecord) *Immutable {
+	return &Immutable{root: root, count: count, totalSize: totalSize, generation: generation, snap: snap}
 }
 
 // Len returns the number of items stored in the treap.
@@ -104,8 +110,8 @@ func (t *Immutable) Get(key []byte) []byte {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// Put inserts the passed key/value pair.
-func (t *Immutable) Put(key, value []byte) *Immutable {
+// put inserts the passed key/value pair.
+func (t *Immutable) put(key, value []byte) (tp *Immutable, old parentStack) {
 	// Use an empty byte slice for the value when none was provided.  This
 	// ultimately allows key existence to be determined from the value since
 	// an empty byte slice is distinguishable from nil.
@@ -115,8 +121,8 @@ func (t *Immutable) Put(key, value []byte) *Immutable {
 
 	// The node is the root of the tree if there isn't already one.
 	if t.root == nil {
-		root := newTreapNode(key, value, rand.Int())
-		return newImmutable(root, 1, nodeSize(root))
+		root := getTreapNode(key, value, rand.Int(), t.generation+1)
+		return newImmutable(root, 1, nodeSize(root), t.generation+1, t.snap), parentStack{}
 	}
 
 	// Find the binary tree insertion point and construct a replaced list of
@@ -128,9 +134,11 @@ func (t *Immutable) Put(key, value []byte) *Immutable {
 	// When the key matches an entry already in the treap, replace the node
 	// with a new one that has the new value set and return.
 	var parents parentStack
+	var oldParents parentStack
 	var compareResult int
 	for node := t.root; node != nil; {
 		// Clone the node and link its parent to it if needed.
+		oldParents.Push(node)
 		nodeCopy := cloneTreapNode(node)
 		if oldParent := parents.At(0); oldParent != nil {
 			if oldParent.left == node {
@@ -161,11 +169,11 @@ func (t *Immutable) Put(key, value []byte) *Immutable {
 		newRoot := parents.At(parents.Len() - 1)
 		newTotalSize := t.totalSize - uint64(len(node.value)) +
 			uint64(len(value))
-		return newImmutable(newRoot, t.count, newTotalSize)
+		return newImmutable(newRoot, t.count, newTotalSize, t.generation+1, t.snap), oldParents
 	}
 
 	// Link the new node into the binary tree in the correct position.
-	node := newTreapNode(key, value, rand.Int())
+	node := getTreapNode(key, value, rand.Int(), t.generation+1)
 	parent := parents.At(0)
 	if compareResult < 0 {
 		parent.left = node
@@ -205,19 +213,65 @@ func (t *Immutable) Put(key, value []byte) *Immutable {
 		}
 	}
 
-	return newImmutable(newRoot, t.count+1, t.totalSize+nodeSize(node))
+	return newImmutable(newRoot, t.count+1, t.totalSize+nodeSize(node), t.generation+1, t.snap), oldParents
 }
 
-// Delete removes the passed key from the treap and returns the resulting treap
+// Put is the immutable variant of put. Old nodes become garbage unless referenced elswhere.
+func (t *Immutable) Put(key, value []byte) *Immutable {
+	tp, _ := t.put(key, value)
+	return tp
+}
+
+// PutM is the mutable variant of put. Old nodes are recycled if possible. This is
+// only safe in structured scenarios using SnapRecord to track treap instances.
+// The outstanding SnapRecords serve to protect nodes from recycling when they might
+// be present in one or more snapshots. This is useful in scenarios where multiple
+// Put/Delete() ops are applied to a treap and intermediate treap states are not
+// created or desired. For example:
+//
+//     for i := range keys {
+//         t = t.Put(keys[i])
+//     }
+//
+// ...may be replaced with:
+//
+//     for i := range keys {
+//         PutM(t, keys[i], nil)
+//     }
+//
+// If "excluded" is provided, that snapshot is ignored when counting
+// snapshot records.
+//
+func PutM(dest **Immutable, key, value []byte, excluded *SnapRecord) {
+	tp, old := (*dest).put(key, value)
+	// Examine old nodes and recycle if possible.
+	snapRecordMutex.Lock()
+	defer snapRecordMutex.Unlock()
+	snapCount, maxSnap, minSnap := (*dest).snapCount(nil)
+	for old.Len() > 0 {
+		node := old.Pop()
+		if snapCount == 0 || node.generation > maxSnap.generation {
+			putTreapNode(node)
+		} else {
+			// Defer recycle until Release() on oldest snap (minSnap).
+			node.generation = recycleGeneration
+			node.next = minSnap.recycle
+			minSnap.recycle = node
+		}
+	}
+	*dest = tp
+}
+
+// del removes the passed key from the treap and returns the resulting treap
 // if it exists.  The original immutable treap is returned if the key does not
 // exist.
-func (t *Immutable) Delete(key []byte) *Immutable {
+func (t *Immutable) del(key []byte) (d *Immutable, old parentStack) {
 	// Find the node for the key while constructing a list of parents while
 	// doing so.
-	var parents parentStack
+	var oldParents parentStack
 	var delNode *treapNode
 	for node := t.root; node != nil; {
-		parents.Push(node)
+		oldParents.Push(node)
 
 		// Traverse left or right depending on the result of the
 		// comparison.
@@ -238,14 +292,14 @@ func (t *Immutable) Delete(key []byte) *Immutable {
 
 	// There is nothing to do if the key does not exist.
 	if delNode == nil {
-		return t
+		return t, parentStack{}
 	}
 
 	// When the only node in the tree is the root node and it is the one
 	// being deleted, there is nothing else to do besides removing it.
-	parent := parents.At(1)
+	parent := oldParents.At(1)
 	if parent == nil && delNode.left == nil && delNode.right == nil {
-		return newImmutable(nil, 0, 0)
+		return newImmutable(nil, 0, 0, t.generation+1, t.snap), oldParents
 	}
 
 	// Construct a replaced list of parents and the node to delete itself.
@@ -253,8 +307,8 @@ func (t *Immutable) Delete(key []byte) *Immutable {
 	// therefore all ancestors of the node that will be deleted, up to and
 	// including the root, need to be replaced.
 	var newParents parentStack
-	for i := parents.Len(); i > 0; i-- {
-		node := parents.At(i - 1)
+	for i := oldParents.Len(); i > 0; i-- {
+		node := oldParents.At(i - 1)
 		nodeCopy := cloneTreapNode(node)
 		if oldParent := newParents.At(0); oldParent != nil {
 			if oldParent.left == node {
@@ -326,7 +380,53 @@ func (t *Immutable) Delete(key []byte) *Immutable {
 		parent.left = nil
 	}
 
-	return newImmutable(newRoot, t.count-1, t.totalSize-nodeSize(delNode))
+	return newImmutable(newRoot, t.count-1, t.totalSize-nodeSize(delNode), t.generation+1, t.snap), oldParents
+}
+
+// Delete is the immutable variant of del. Old nodes become garbage unless referenced elswhere.
+func (t *Immutable) Delete(key []byte) *Immutable {
+	tp, _ := t.del(key)
+	return tp
+}
+
+// DeleteM is the mutable variant of del. Old nodes are recycled if possible. This is
+// only safe in structured scenarios using SnapRecord to track treap instances.
+// The outstanding SnapRecords serve to protect nodes from recycling when they might
+// be present in one or more snapshots. This is useful in scenarios where multiple
+// Put/Delete() ops are applied to a treap and intermediate treap states are not
+// created or desired. For example:
+//
+//     for i := range keys {
+//         t = t.Delete(keys[i])
+//     }
+//
+// ...may be replaced with:
+//
+//     for i := range keys {
+//         DeleteM(t, keys[i], nil)
+//     }
+//
+// If "excluded" is provided, that snapshot is ignored when counting
+// snapshot records.
+//
+func DeleteM(dest **Immutable, key []byte, excluded *SnapRecord) {
+	tp, old := (*dest).del(key)
+	// Examine old nodes and recycle if possible.
+	snapRecordMutex.Lock()
+	defer snapRecordMutex.Unlock()
+	snapCount, maxSnap, minSnap := (*dest).snapCount(nil)
+	for old.Len() > 0 {
+		node := old.Pop()
+		if snapCount == 0 || node.generation > maxSnap.generation {
+			putTreapNode(node)
+		} else {
+			// Defer recycle until Release() on oldest snap (minSnap).
+			node.generation = recycleGeneration
+			node.next = minSnap.recycle
+			minSnap.recycle = node
+		}
+	}
+	*dest = tp
 }
 
 // ForEach invokes the passed function with every key/value pair in the treap
@@ -358,3 +458,141 @@ func (t *Immutable) ForEach(fn func(k, v []byte) bool) {
 func NewImmutable() *Immutable {
 	return &Immutable{}
 }
+
+// SnapRecord assists in tracking outstanding snapshots. While a SnapRecord
+// is present and has not been Released(), treap nodes at or below this
+// generation are protected from Recycle().
+type SnapRecord struct {
+	generation int
+	rp         **SnapRecord
+	prev       *SnapRecord
+	next       *SnapRecord
+	recycle    *treapNode
+}
+
+var snapRecordMutex sync.Mutex
+
+// Snapshot makes a SnapRecord and links it into the snapshot history of a treap.
+func (t *Immutable) Snapshot() *SnapRecord {
+	snapRecordMutex.Lock()
+	defer snapRecordMutex.Unlock()
+
+	rp := t.snap
+	var next *SnapRecord = nil
+	var prev *SnapRecord = nil
+	if rp != nil {
+		prev = *rp
+		if *rp != nil {
+			next = (*rp).next
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Create a new record stamped with the current generation. Link it
+	// following the existing snapshot record, if any.
+	p := new(*SnapRecord)
+	*p = &SnapRecord{generation: t.generation, rp: p, prev: prev, next: next}
+	t.snap = p
+
+	if rp != nil && *rp != nil {
+		(*rp).next = *(t.snap)
+	}
+
+	return *(t.snap)
+}
+
+// Release of SnapRecord unlinks that record from the snapshot history of a treap.
+func (r *SnapRecord) Release() {
+	snapRecordMutex.Lock()
+	defer snapRecordMutex.Unlock()
+
+	// Unlink this record.
+	*(r.rp) = nil
+	if r.next != nil {
+		r.next.prev = r.prev
+		*(r.rp) = r.next
+	}
+	if r.prev != nil {
+		r.prev.next = r.next
+		*(r.rp) = r.prev
+	}
+
+	// Handle deferred recycle list.
+	for node := r.recycle; node != nil; {
+		next := node.next
+		putTreapNode(node)
+		node = next
+	}
+}
+
+// snapCount returns the number of snapshots outstanding which were created
+// but not released. When snapshots are absent, mutable PutM()/DeleteM() can
+// recycle nodes more aggressively. The record "excluded" is not counted.
+func (t *Immutable) snapCount(excluded *SnapRecord) (count int, maxSnap, minSnap *SnapRecord) {
+	// snapRecordMutex should be locked already
+
+	count, maxSnap, minSnap = 0, nil, nil
+	if t.snap == nil || *(t.snap) == nil {
+		// No snapshots.
+		return count, maxSnap, minSnap
+	}
+
+	// Count snapshots taken BEFORE creation of this instance.
+	for h := *(t.snap); h != nil; h = h.prev {
+		if h != excluded {
+			count++
+			if maxSnap == nil || maxSnap.generation < h.generation {
+				maxSnap = h
+			}
+			if minSnap == nil || minSnap.generation > h.generation {
+				minSnap = h
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Count snapshots taken AFTER creation of this instance.
+	for h := (*(t.snap)).next; h != nil; h = h.next {
+		if h != excluded {
+			count++
+			if maxSnap == nil || maxSnap.generation < h.generation {
+				maxSnap = h
+			}
+			if minSnap == nil || minSnap.generation > h.generation {
+				minSnap = h
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return count, maxSnap, minSnap
+}
+
+func (t *Immutable) Recycle(excluded *SnapRecord) {
+	snapRecordMutex.Lock()
+	_, maxSnap, _ := t.snapCount(excluded)
+	snapGen := 0
+	if maxSnap != nil {
+		snapGen = maxSnap.generation
+	}
+	snapRecordMutex.Unlock()
+
+	var parents parentStack
+	for node := t.root; node != nil; node = node.left {
+		parents.Push(node)
+	}
+
+	for parents.Len() > 0 {
+		node := parents.Pop()
+
+		// Extend the nodes to traverse by all children to the left of
+		// the current node's right child.
+		for n := node.right; n != nil; n = n.left {
+			parents.Push(n)
+		}
+
+		// Recycle node if it cannot be in a snapshot. Note that nodes
+		// scheduled for deferred recycling will have negative generation
+		// (recycleGeneration) and will not qualify.
+		if node.generation > snapGen {
+			putTreapNode(node)
+		}
+	}
+}

database/internal/treap/mutable.go

@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@ type Mutable struct {
 	// totalSize is the best estimate of the total size of of all data in
 	// the treap including the keys, values, and node sizes.
 	totalSize uint64
+
+	// generation number is the constant mutableGeneration, unless
+	// creation of a treap.Iterator bumps it.
+	generation int
 }
 
 // Len returns the number of items stored in the treap.
@@ -113,7 +117,7 @@ func (t *Mutable) Put(key, value []byte) {
 
 	// The node is the root of the tree if there isn't already one.
 	if t.root == nil {
-		node := newTreapNode(key, value, rand.Int())
+		node := getTreapNode(key, value, rand.Int(), t.generation)
 		t.count = 1
 		t.totalSize = nodeSize(node)
 		t.root = node
@@ -145,7 +149,7 @@ func (t *Mutable) Put(key, value []byte) {
 	}
 
 	// Link the new node into the binary tree in the correct position.
-	node := newTreapNode(key, value, rand.Int())
+	node := getTreapNode(key, value, rand.Int(), t.generation)
 	t.count++
 	t.totalSize += nodeSize(node)
 	parent := parents.At(0)
@@ -190,6 +194,9 @@ func (t *Mutable) Delete(key []byte) {
 		t.root = nil
 		t.count = 0
 		t.totalSize = 0
+		if node.generation == t.generation && node.generation == mutableGeneration {
+			putTreapNode(node)
+		}
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -238,6 +245,9 @@ func (t *Mutable) Delete(key []byte) {
 	}
 	t.count--
 	t.totalSize -= nodeSize(node)
+	if node.generation == t.generation && node.generation == mutableGeneration {
+		putTreapNode(node)
+	}
 }
 
 // ForEach invokes the passed function with every key/value pair in the treap
@@ -274,5 +284,26 @@ func (t *Mutable) Reset() {
 // NewMutable returns a new empty mutable treap ready for use.  See the
 // documentation for the Mutable structure for more details.
 func NewMutable() *Mutable {
-	return &Mutable{}
+	return &Mutable{generation: mutableGeneration}
+}
+
+func (t *Mutable) Recycle() {
+	var parents parentStack
+	for node := t.root; node != nil; node = node.left {
+		parents.Push(node)
+	}
+
+	for parents.Len() > 0 {
+		node := parents.Pop()
+
+		// Extend the nodes to traverse by all children to the left of
+		// the current node's right child.
+		for n := node.right; n != nil; n = n.left {
+			parents.Push(n)
+		}
+
+		if node.generation == t.generation && node.generation == mutableGeneration {
+			putTreapNode(node)
+		}
+	}
 }

database/internal/treap/treapiter.go

@@ -326,6 +326,7 @@ func (iter *Iterator) ForceReseek() {
 //   	}
 //   }
 func (t *Mutable) Iterator(startKey, limitKey []byte) *Iterator {
+	t.generation++
 	iter := &Iterator{
 		t:        t,
 		root:     t.root,