1190 lines
43 KiB
Markdown
1190 lines
43 KiB
Markdown
# SQLBoiler
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[](https://github.com/vattle/sqlboiler/blob/master/LICENSE)
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[](https://godoc.org/github.com/vattle/sqlboiler)
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[](https://circleci.com/gh/vattle/sqlboiler)
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[](http://goreportcard.com/report/vattle/sqlboiler)
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SQLBoiler is a tool to generate a Go ORM tailored to your database schema.
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It is a "database-first" ORM as opposed to "code-first" (like gorm/gorp).
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That means you must first create your database schema. Please use something
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like [goose](https://bitbucket.org/liamstask/goose), [sql-migrate](https://github.com/rubenv/sql-migrate)
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or some other migration tool to manage this part of the database's life-cycle.
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## Why another ORM
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While attempting to migrate a legacy Rails database, we realized how much ActiveRecord benefitted us in terms of development velocity.
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Coming over to the Go `database/sql` package after using ActiveRecord feels extremely repetitive, super long-winded and down-right boring.
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Being Go veterans we knew the state of ORMs was shaky, and after a quick review we found what our fears confirmed. Most packages out
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there are code-first, reflect-based and have a very weak story around relationships between models. So with that we set out with these goals:
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* Work with existing databases: Don't be the tool to define the schema, that's better left to other tools.
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* ActiveRecord-like productivity: Eliminate all sql boilerplate, have relationships as a first-class concept.
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* Go-like feel: Work with normal structs, call functions, no hyper-magical struct tags, small interfaces.
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* Go-like performance: [Benchmark](#benchmarks) and optimize the hot-paths, perform like hand-rolled `sql.DB` code.
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We believe with SQLBoiler and our database-first code-generation approach we've been able to successfully meet all of these goals. On top
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of that SQLBoiler also confers the following benefits:
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* The models package is type safe. This means no chance of random panics due to passing in the wrong type. No need for interface{}.
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* Our types closely correlate to your database column types. This is expanded by our extended null package which supports nearly all Go data types.
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* A system that is easy to debug. Your ORM is tailored to your schema, the code paths should be easy to trace since it's not all buried in reflect.
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* Auto-completion provides work-flow efficiency gains.
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Table of Contents
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=================
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* [SQLBoiler](#sqlboiler)
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* [Why another ORM](#why-another-orm)
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* [About SQL Boiler](#about-sql-boiler)
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* [Features](#features)
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* [Supported Databases](#supported-databases)
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* [A Small Taste](#a-small-taste)
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* [Requirements & Pro Tips](#requirements--pro-tips)
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* [Requirements](#requirements)
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* [Pro Tips](#pro-tips)
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* [Getting started](#getting-started)
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* [Download](#download)
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* [Configuration](#configuration)
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* [Initial Generation](#initial-generation)
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* [Diagnosing Problems](#diagnosing-problems)
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* [Features & Examples](#features--examples)
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* [Automatic CreatedAt/UpdatedAt](#automatic-createdatupdatedat)
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* [Overriding Automatic Timestamps](#overriding-automatic-timestamps)
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* [Query Building](#query-building)
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* [Query Mod System](#query-mod-system)
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* [Function Variations](#function-variations)
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* [Finishers](#finishers)
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* [Raw Query](#raw-query)
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* [Binding](#binding)
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* [Relationships](#relationships)
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* [Hooks](#hooks)
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* [Transactions](#transactions)
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* [Debug Logging](#debug-logging)
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* [Select](#select)
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* [Find](#find)
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* [Insert](#insert)
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* [Update](#update)
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* [Delete](#delete)
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* [Upsert](#upsert)
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* [Reload](#reload)
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* [Exists](#exists)
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* [Enums](#enums)
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* [FAQ](#faq)
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* [Won't compiling models for a huge database be very slow?](#wont-compiling-models-for-a-huge-database-be-very-slow)
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* [Missing imports for generated package](#missing-imports-for-generated-package)
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* [Benchmarks](#benchmarks)
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## About SQL Boiler
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### Features
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- Full model generation
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- Extremely fast code generation
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- High performance through generation & intelligent caching
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- Uses boil.Executor (simple interface, sql.DB, sqlx.DB etc. compatible)
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- Easy workflow (models can always be regenerated, full auto-complete)
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- Strongly typed querying (usually no converting or binding to pointers)
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- Hooks (Before/After Create/Select/Update/Delete/Upsert)
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- Automatic CreatedAt/UpdatedAt
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- Table whitelist/blacklist
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- Relationships/Associations
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- Eager loading (recursive)
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- Custom struct tags
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- Transactions
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- Raw SQL fallback
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- Compatibility tests (Run against your own DB schema)
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- Debug logging
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- Schemas support
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- 1d arrays, json, hstore & more
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- Enum types
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### Supported Databases
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- PostgreSQL
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- MySQL
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*Note: Seeking contributors for other database engines.*
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### A Small Taste
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For a comprehensive list of available operations and examples please see [Features & Examples](#features--examples).
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```go
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import (
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// Import this so we don't have to use qm.Limit etc.
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. "github.com/vattle/sqlboiler/queries/qm"
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)
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// Open handle to database like normal
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db, err := sql.Open("postgres", "dbname=fun user=abc")
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if err != nil {
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return err
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}
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// If you don't want to pass in db to all generated methods
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// you can use boil.SetDB to set it globally, and then use
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// the G variant methods like so:
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boil.SetDB(db)
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users, err := models.UsersG().All()
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// Query all users
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users, err := models.Users(db).All()
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// Panic-able if you like to code that way
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users := models.Users(db).AllP()
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// More complex query
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users, err := models.Users(db, Where("age > ?", 30), Limit(5), Offset(6)).All()
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// Ultra complex query
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users, err := models.Users(db,
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Select("id", "name"),
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InnerJoin("credit_cards c on c.user_id = users.id"),
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Where("age > ?", 30),
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AndIn("c.kind in ?", "visa", "mastercard"),
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Or("email like ?", `%aol.com%`),
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GroupBy("id", "name"),
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Having("count(c.id) > ?", 2),
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Limit(5),
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Offset(6),
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).All()
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// Use any "boil.Executor" implementation (*sql.DB, *sql.Tx, data-dog mock db)
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// for any query.
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tx, err := db.Begin()
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if err != nil {
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return err
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}
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users, err := models.Users(tx).All()
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// Relationships
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user, err := models.Users(db).One()
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if err != nil {
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return err
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}
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movies, err := user.FavoriteMovies(db).All()
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// Eager loading
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users, err := models.Users(db, Load("FavoriteMovies")).All()
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if err != nil {
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return err
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}
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fmt.Println(len(users.R.FavoriteMovies))
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```
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## Requirements & Pro Tips
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### Requirements
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* Go 1.6 minimum, and Go 1.7 for compatibility tests.
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* Table names and column names should use `snake_case` format.
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* We require `snake_case` table names and column names. This is a recommended default in Postgres,
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and we agree that it's good form, so we're enforcing this format for all drivers for the time being.
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* Join tables should use a *composite primary key*.
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* For join tables to be used transparently for relationships your join table must have
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a *composite primary key* that encompasses both foreign table foreign keys. For example, on a
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join table named `user_videos` you should have: `primary key(user_id, video_id)`, with both `user_id`
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and `video_id` being foreign key columns to the users and videos tables respectively.
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* For MySQL if using the `github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql` driver, please activate
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[time.Time parsing](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql#timetime-support) when making your
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MySQL database connection. SQLBoiler uses `time.Time` and `null.Time` to represent time in
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it's models and without this enabled any models with `DATE`/`DATETIME` columns will not work.
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### Pro Tips
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* Foreign key column names should end with `_id`.
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* Foreign key column names in the format `x_id` will generate clearer method names.
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It is advisable to use this naming convention whenever it makes sense for your database schema.
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* If you never plan on using the hooks functionality you can disable generation of this
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feature using the `--no-hooks` flag. This will save you some binary size.
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## Getting started
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[SQLBoiler Screencast #1: How to get started](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKmRemtmi0Y)
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#### Download
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```shell
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go get -u -t github.com/vattle/sqlboiler
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```
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#### Configuration
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Create a configuration file. Because the project uses [viper](github.com/spf13/viper), TOML, JSON and YAML
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are all supported. Environment variables are also able to be used.
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We will assume TOML for the rest of the documentation.
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The configuration file should be named `sqlboiler.toml` and is searched for in the following directories in this
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order:
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- `./`
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- `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/sqlboiler/`
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- `$HOME/.config/sqlboiler/`
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We require you pass in your `postgres` and `mysql` database configuration via the configuration file rather than env vars.
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There is no command line argument support for database configuration. Values given under the `postgres` and `mysql`
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block are passed directly to the postgres and mysql drivers. Here is a rundown of all the different
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values that can go in that section:
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| Name | Required | Postgres Default | MySQL Default |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| dbname | yes | none | none |
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| host | yes | none | none |
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| port | no | 5432 | 3306 |
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| user | yes | none | none |
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| pass | no | none | none |
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| sslmode | no | "require" | "true" |
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You can also pass in these top level configuration values if you would prefer
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not to pass them through the command line or environment variables:
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| Name | Defaults |
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| ------------------ | --------- |
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| basedir | none |
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| schema | "public" *(or dbname for mysql)* |
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| pkgname | "models" |
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| output | "models" |
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| whitelist | [] |
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| blacklist | [] |
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| tag | [] |
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| debug | false |
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| no-hooks | false |
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| no-tests | false |
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| no-auto-timestamps | false |
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Example:
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```toml
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blacklist=["migrations", "other"]
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schema="myschema"
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[postgres]
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dbname="dbname"
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host="localhost"
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port=5432
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user="dbusername"
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pass="dbpassword"
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[mysql]
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dbname="dbname"
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host="localhost"
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port=3306
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user="dbusername"
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pass="dbpassword"
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sslmode="false"
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```
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#### Initial Generation
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After creating a configuration file that points at the database we want to
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generate models for, we can invoke the sqlboiler command line utility.
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```text
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SQL Boiler generates a Go ORM from template files, tailored to your database schema.
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Complete documentation is available at http://github.com/vattle/sqlboiler
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Usage:
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sqlboiler [flags] <driver>
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Examples:
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sqlboiler postgres
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Flags:
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--basedir string The base directory has the templates and templates_test folders
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-b, --blacklist stringSlice Do not include these tables in your generated package
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-d, --debug Debug mode prints stack traces on error
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--no-auto-timestamps Disable automatic timestamps for created_at/updated_at
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--no-hooks Disable hooks feature for your models
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--no-tests Disable generated go test files
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-o, --output string The name of the folder to output to (default "models")
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-p, --pkgname string The name you wish to assign to your generated package (default "models")
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-s, --schema string The name of your database schema, for databases that support real schemas (default "public")
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-t, --tag stringSlice Struct tags to be included on your models in addition to json, yaml, toml
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--version Print the version
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-w, --whitelist stringSlice Only include these tables in your generated package
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```
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Follow the steps below to do some basic model generation. Once you've generated
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your models, you can run the compatibility tests which will exercise the entirety
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of the generated code. This way you can ensure that your database is compatible
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with SQLBoiler. If you find there are some failing tests, please check the
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[Diagnosing Problems](#diagnosing-problems) section.
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```sh
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# Generate our models and exclude the migrations table
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sqlboiler -b goose_migrations postgres
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# Run the generated tests
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go test ./models
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```
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## Diagnosing Problems
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The most common causes of problems and panics are:
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- Forgetting to exclude tables you do not want included in your generation, like migration tables.
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- Tables without a primary key. All tables require one.
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- Forgetting to put foreign key constraints on your columns that reference other tables.
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- The compatibility tests require privileges to create a database for testing purposes, ensure the user
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supplied in your `sqlboiler.toml` config has adequate privileges.
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- A nil or closed database handle. Ensure your passed in `boil.Executor` is not nil.
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- If you decide to use the `G` variant of functions instead, make sure you've initialized your
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global database handle using `boil.SetDB()`.
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For errors with other causes, it may be simple to debug yourself by looking at the generated code.
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Setting `boil.DebugMode` to `true` can help with this. You can change the output using `boil.DebugWriter` (defaults to `os.Stdout`).
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If you're still stuck and/or you think you've found a bug, feel free to leave an issue and we'll do our best to help you.
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## Features & Examples
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Most examples in this section will be demonstrated using the following Postgres schema, structs and variables:
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```sql
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CREATE TABLE pilots (
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id integer NOT NULL,
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name text NOT NULL
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);
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ALTER TABLE pilots ADD CONSTRAINT pilot_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id);
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CREATE TABLE jets (
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id integer NOT NULL,
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pilot_id integer NOT NULL,
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age integer NOT NULL,
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name text NOT NULL,
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color text NOT NULL
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);
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ALTER TABLE jets ADD CONSTRAINT jet_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id);
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ALTER TABLE jets ADD CONSTRAINT jet_pilots_fkey FOREIGN KEY (pilot_id) REFERENCES pilots(id);
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CREATE TABLE languages (
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id integer NOT NULL,
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language text NOT NULL
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);
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ALTER TABLE languages ADD CONSTRAINT language_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id);
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-- Join table
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CREATE TABLE pilot_languages (
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pilot_id integer NOT NULL,
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language_id integer NOT NULL
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);
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-- Composite primary key
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ALTER TABLE pilot_languages ADD CONSTRAINT pilot_language_pkey PRIMARY KEY (pilot_id, language_id);
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ALTER TABLE pilot_languages ADD CONSTRAINT pilot_language_pilots_fkey FOREIGN KEY (pilot_id) REFERENCES pilots(id);
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ALTER TABLE pilot_languages ADD CONSTRAINT pilot_language_languages_fkey FOREIGN KEY (language_id) REFERENCES languages(id);
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```
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The generated model structs for this schema look like the following. Note that we've included the relationship
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structs as well so you can see how it all pieces together:
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```go
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type Pilot struct {
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ID int `boil:"id" json:"id" toml:"id" yaml:"id"`
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Name string `boil:"name" json:"name" toml:"name" yaml:"name"`
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R *pilotR `boil:"-" json:"-" toml:"-" yaml:"-"`
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L pilotR `boil:"-" json:"-" toml:"-" yaml:"-"`
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}
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type pilotR struct {
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Licenses LicenseSlice
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Languages LanguageSlice
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Jets JetSlice
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}
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type Jet struct {
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ID int `boil:"id" json:"id" toml:"id" yaml:"id"`
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PilotID int `boil:"pilot_id" json:"pilot_id" toml:"pilot_id" yaml:"pilot_id"`
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Age int `boil:"age" json:"age" toml:"age" yaml:"age"`
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Name string `boil:"name" json:"name" toml:"name" yaml:"name"`
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Color string `boil:"color" json:"color" toml:"color" yaml:"color"`
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R *jetR `boil:"-" json:"-" toml:"-" yaml:"-"`
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L jetR `boil:"-" json:"-" toml:"-" yaml:"-"`
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}
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type jetR struct {
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Pilot *Pilot
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}
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type Language struct {
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ID int `boil:"id" json:"id" toml:"id" yaml:"id"`
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Language string `boil:"language" json:"language" toml:"language" yaml:"language"`
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R *languageR `boil:"-" json:"-" toml:"-" yaml:"-"`
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L languageR `boil:"-" json:"-" toml:"-" yaml:"-"`
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}
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type languageR struct {
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Pilots PilotSlice
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}
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```
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```go
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// Open handle to database like normal
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db, err := sql.Open("postgres", "dbname=fun user=abc")
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if err != nil {
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return err
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}
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```
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### Automatic CreatedAt/UpdatedAt
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If your generated SQLBoiler models package can find columns with the
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names `created_at` or `updated_at` it will automatically set them
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to `time.Now()` in your database, and update your object appropriately.
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To disable this feature use `--no-auto-timestamps`.
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Note: You can set the timezone for this feature by calling `boil.SetLocation()`
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#### Overriding Automatic Timestamps
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* **Insert**
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* Timestamps for both `updated_at` and `created_at` that are zero values will be set automatically.
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* To set the timestamp to null, set `Valid` to false and `Time` to a non-zero value.
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This is somewhat of a work around until we can devise a better solution in a later version.
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* **Update**
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* The `updated_at` column will always be set to `time.Now()`. If you need to override
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this value you will need to fall back to another method in the meantime: `queries.Raw()`,
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overriding `updated_at` in all of your objects using a hook, or create your own wrapper.
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* **Upsert**
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* `created_at` will be set automatically if it is a zero value, otherwise your supplied value
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will be used. To set `created_at` to `null`, set `Valid` to false and `Time` to a non-zero value.
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* The `updated_at` column will always be set to `time.Now()`.
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### Query Building
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We generate "Starter" methods for you. These methods are named as the plural versions of your model,
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for example: `models.Jets()`. Starter methods are used to build queries using our
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[Query Mod System](#query-mod-system). They take a slice of [Query Mods](#query-mod-system)
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as parameters, and end with a call to a [Finisher](#finishers) method.
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Here are a few examples:
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```go
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// SELECT COUNT(*) FROM pilots;
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count, err := models.Pilots().Count()
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// SELECT * FROM "pilots" LIMIT 5;
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pilots, err := models.Pilots(qm.Limit(5)).All()
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// DELETE FROM "pilots" WHERE "id"=$1;
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err := models.Pilots(qm.Where("id=?", 1)).DeleteAll()
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```
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In the event that you would like to build a query and specify the table yourself, you
|
|
can do so using `models.NewQuery()`:
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
// Select all rows from the pilots table by using the From query mod.
|
|
err := models.NewQuery(db, From("pilots")).All()
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
As you can see, [Query Mods](#query-mods) allow you to modify your queries, and [Finishers](#finishers)
|
|
allow you to execute the final action.
|
|
|
|
We also generate query building helper methods for your relationships as well. Take a look at our
|
|
[Relationships Query Building](#relationships) section for some additional query building information.
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Query Mod System
|
|
|
|
The query mod system allows you to modify queries created with [Starter](#query-building) methods
|
|
when performing query building. Here is a list of all of your generated query mods using examples:
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
// Dot import so we can access query mods directly instead of prefixing with "qm."
|
|
import . "github.com/vattle/sqlboiler/queries/qm"
|
|
|
|
// Use a raw query against a generated struct (Pilot in this example)
|
|
// If this query mod exists in your call, it will override the others.
|
|
// "?" placeholders are not supported here, use "$1, $2" etc.
|
|
SQL("select * from pilots where id=$1", 10)
|
|
models.Pilots(SQL("select * from pilots where id=$1", 10)).All()
|
|
|
|
Select("id", "name") // Select specific columns.
|
|
From("pilots as p") // Specify the FROM table manually, can be useful for doing complex queries.
|
|
|
|
// WHERE clause building
|
|
Where("name=?", "John")
|
|
And("age=?", 24)
|
|
Or("height=?", 183)
|
|
|
|
// WHERE IN clause building
|
|
WhereIn("name, age in ?", "John" 24, "Tim", 33) // Generates: WHERE ("name","age") IN (($1,$2),($3,$4))
|
|
AndIn("weight in ?", 84)
|
|
OrIn("height in ?", 183, 177, 204)
|
|
|
|
InnerJoin("pilots p on jets.pilot_id=?", 10)
|
|
|
|
GroupBy("name")
|
|
OrderBy("age, height")
|
|
|
|
Having("count(jets) > 2")
|
|
|
|
Limit(15)
|
|
Offset(5)
|
|
|
|
// Explicit locking
|
|
For("update nowait")
|
|
|
|
// Eager Loading -- Load takes the relationship name, ie the struct field name of the
|
|
// Relationship struct field you want to load.
|
|
Load("Languages") // If it's a ToOne relationship it's in singular form, ToMany is plural.
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Note: We don't force you to break queries apart like this if you don't want to, the following
|
|
is also valid and supported by query mods that take a clause:
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
Where("(name=? OR age=?) AND height=?", "John", 24, 183)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Function Variations
|
|
|
|
You will find that most functions have the following variations. We've used the
|
|
```Delete``` method to demonstrate:
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
// Set the global db handle for G method variants.
|
|
boil.SetDB(db)
|
|
|
|
pilot, _ := models.FindPilot(db, 1)
|
|
|
|
err := pilot.Delete(db) // Regular variant, takes a db handle (boil.Executor interface).
|
|
pilot.DeleteP(db) // Panic variant, takes a db handle and panics on error.
|
|
err := pilot.DeleteG() // Global variant, uses the globally set db handle (boil.SetDB()).
|
|
pilot.DeleteGP() // Global&Panic variant, combines the global db handle and panic on error.
|
|
|
|
db.Begin() // Normal sql package way of creating a transaction
|
|
boil.Begin() // Uses the global database handle set by boil.SetDB()
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Note that it's slightly different for query building.
|
|
|
|
### Finishers
|
|
|
|
Here are a list of all of the finishers that can be used in combination with
|
|
[Query Building](#query-building).
|
|
|
|
Finishers all have `P` (panic) [method variations](#function-variations). To specify
|
|
your db handle use the `G` or regular variation of the [Starter](#query-building) method.
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
// These are called like the following:
|
|
models.Pilots(db).All()
|
|
|
|
One() // Retrieve one row as object (same as LIMIT(1))
|
|
All() // Retrieve all rows as objects (same as SELECT * FROM)
|
|
Count() // Number of rows (same as COUNT(*))
|
|
UpdateAll(models.M{"name": "John", "age": 23}) // Update all rows matching the built query.
|
|
DeleteAll() // Delete all rows matching the built query.
|
|
Exists() // Returns a bool indicating whether the row(s) for the built query exists.
|
|
Bind(&myObj) // Bind the results of a query to your own struct object.
|
|
Exec() // Execute an SQL query that does not require any rows returned.
|
|
QueryRow() // Execute an SQL query expected to return only a single row.
|
|
Query() // Execute an SQL query expected to return multiple rows.
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Raw Query
|
|
|
|
We provide `queries.Raw()` for executing raw queries. Generally you will want to use `Bind()` with
|
|
this, like the following:
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
err := queries.Raw(db, "select * from pilots where id=$1", 5).Bind(&obj)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
You can use your own structs or a generated struct as a parameter to Bind. Bind supports both
|
|
a single object for single row queries and a slice of objects for multiple row queries.
|
|
|
|
`queries.Raw()` also has a method that can execute a query without binding to an object, if required.
|
|
|
|
You also have `models.NewQuery()` at your disposal if you would still like to use [Query Building](#query-building)
|
|
in combination with your own custom, non-generated model.
|
|
|
|
### Binding
|
|
|
|
For a comprehensive ruleset for `Bind()` you can refer to our [godoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/vattle/sqlboiler/queries#Bind).
|
|
|
|
The `Bind()` [Finisher](#finisher) allows the results of a query built with
|
|
the [Raw SQL](#raw-query) method or the [Query Builder](#query-building) methods to be bound
|
|
to your generated struct objects, or your own custom struct objects.
|
|
|
|
This can be useful for complex queries, queries that only require a small subset of data
|
|
and have no need for the rest of the object variables, or custom join struct objects like
|
|
the following:
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
// Custom struct using two generated structs
|
|
type PilotAndJet struct {
|
|
models.Pilot `boil:",bind"`
|
|
models.Jet `boil:",bind"`
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
var paj PilotAndJet
|
|
// Use a raw query
|
|
err := queries.Raw(`
|
|
select pilots.id as "pilots.id", pilots.name as "pilots.name",
|
|
jets.id as "jets.id", jets.pilot_id as "jets.pilot_id",
|
|
jets.age as "jets.age", jets.name as "jets.name", jets.color as "jets.color"
|
|
from pilots inner join jets on jets.pilot_id=?`, 23,
|
|
).Bind(&paj)
|
|
|
|
// Use query building
|
|
err := models.NewQuery(db,
|
|
Select("pilots.id", "pilots.name", "jets.id", "jets.pilot_id", "jets.age", "jets.name", "jets.color"),
|
|
From("pilots"),
|
|
InnerJoin("jets on jets.pilot_id = pilots.id"),
|
|
).Bind(&paj)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
// Custom struct for selecting a subset of data
|
|
type JetInfo struct {
|
|
AgeSum int `boil:"age_sum"`
|
|
Count int `boil:"juicy_count"`
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
var info JetInfo
|
|
|
|
// Use query building
|
|
err := models.NewQuery(db, Select("sum(age) as age_sum", "count(*) as juicy_count", From("jets"))).Bind(&info)
|
|
|
|
// Use a raw query
|
|
err := queries.Raw(`select sum(age) as "age_sum", count(*) as "juicy_count" from jets`).Bind(&info)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
We support the following struct tag modes for `Bind()` control:
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
type CoolObject struct {
|
|
// Don't specify a name, Bind will TitleCase the column
|
|
// name, and try to match against this.
|
|
Frog int
|
|
|
|
// Specify an alternative name for the column, it will
|
|
// be titlecased for matching, can be whatever you like.
|
|
Cat int `boil:"kitten"`
|
|
|
|
// Ignore this struct field, do not attempt to bind it.
|
|
Pig int `boil:"-"`
|
|
|
|
// Instead of binding to this as a regular struct field
|
|
// (like other sql-able structs eg. time.Time)
|
|
// Recursively search inside the Dog struct for field names from the query.
|
|
Dog `boil:",bind"`
|
|
|
|
// Same as the above, except specify a different table name
|
|
Mouse `boil:"rodent,bind"`
|
|
|
|
// Ignore this struct field, do not attempt to bind it.
|
|
Bird `boil:"-"`
|
|
}
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Relationships
|
|
|
|
Helper methods will be generated for every to one and to many relationship structure
|
|
you have defined in your database by using foreign keys.
|
|
|
|
We attach these helpers directly to your model struct, for example:
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
jet, _ := models.FindJet(db, 1)
|
|
|
|
// "to one" relationship helper method.
|
|
// This will retrieve the pilot for the jet.
|
|
pilot, err := jet.Pilot(db).One()
|
|
|
|
// "to many" relationship helper method.
|
|
// This will retrieve all languages for the pilot.
|
|
languages, err := pilot.Languages(db).All()
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
If your relationship involves a join table SQLBoiler will figure it out for you transparently.
|
|
|
|
It is important to note that you should use `Eager Loading` if you plan
|
|
on loading large collections of rows, to avoid N+1 performance problems.
|
|
|
|
For example, take the following:
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
// Avoid this loop query pattern, it is slow.
|
|
jets, _ := models.Jets(db).All()
|
|
pilots := make([]models.Pilot, len(jets))
|
|
for i := 0; i < len(jets); i++ {
|
|
pilots[i] = jets[i].Pilot(db).OneP()
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
// Instead, use Eager Loading!
|
|
jets, _ := models.Jets(db, Load("Pilot")).All()
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Eager loading can be combined with other query mods, and it can also eager load recursively.
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
// Example of a nested load.
|
|
// Each jet will have its pilot loaded, and each pilot will have its languages loaded.
|
|
jets, _ := models.Jets(db, Load("Pilot.Languages")).All()
|
|
// Note that each level of a nested Load call will be loaded. No need to call Load() multiple times.
|
|
|
|
// A larger, random example
|
|
users, _ := models.Users(db,
|
|
Load("Pets.Vets"),
|
|
Load("Pets.Toys"),
|
|
Load("Property"),
|
|
Where("age > ?", 23),
|
|
).All()
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
We provide the following methods for managing relationships on objects:
|
|
|
|
**To One**
|
|
- `SetX()`: Set the foreign key to point to something else: jet.SetPilot(...)
|
|
- `RemoveX()`: Null out the foreign key, effectively removing the relationship between these two objects: jet.RemovePilot(...)
|
|
|
|
**To Many**
|
|
- `AddX()`: Add more relationships to the existing set of related Xs: pilot.AddLanguages(...)
|
|
- `SetX()`: Remove all existing relationships, and replace them with the provided set: pilot.SetLanguages(...)
|
|
- `RemoveX()`: Remove all provided relationships: pilot.RemoveLanguages(...)
|
|
|
|
**To One** code examples:
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
jet, _ := models.FindJet(db, 1)
|
|
pilot, _ := models.FindPilot(db, 1)
|
|
|
|
// Set the pilot to an existing pilot
|
|
err := jet.SetPilot(db, false, &pilot)
|
|
|
|
pilot = models.Pilot{
|
|
Name: "Erlich",
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
// Insert the pilot into the database and assign it to a jet
|
|
err := jet.SetPilot(db, true, &pilot)
|
|
|
|
// Remove a relationship. This method only exists for foreign keys that can be NULL.
|
|
err := jet.RemovePilot(db, &pilot)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
**To Many** code examples:
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
pilots, _ := models.Pilots(db).All()
|
|
languages, _ := models.Languages(db).All()
|
|
|
|
// Set a group of language relationships
|
|
err := pilots.SetLanguages(db, false, &languages)
|
|
|
|
languages := []*models.Language{
|
|
{Language: "Strayan"},
|
|
{Language: "Yupik"},
|
|
{Language: "Pawnee"},
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
// Insert new a group of languages and assign them to a pilot
|
|
err := pilots.SetLanguages(db, true, languages...)
|
|
|
|
// Add another language relationship to the existing set of relationships
|
|
err := pilots.AddLanguages(db, false, &someOtherLanguage)
|
|
|
|
anotherLanguage := models.Language{Language: "Archi"}
|
|
|
|
// Insert and then add another language relationship
|
|
err := pilots.AddLanguages(db, true, &anotherLanguage)
|
|
|
|
// Remove a group of relationships
|
|
err := pilots.RemoveLanguages(db, languages...)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Hooks
|
|
|
|
Before and After hooks are available for most operations. If you don't need them you can
|
|
shrink the size of the generated code by disabling them with the `--no-hooks` flag.
|
|
|
|
Every generated package that includes hooks has the following `HookPoints` defined:
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
const (
|
|
BeforeInsertHook HookPoint = iota + 1
|
|
BeforeUpdateHook
|
|
BeforeDeleteHook
|
|
BeforeUpsertHook
|
|
AfterInsertHook
|
|
AfterSelectHook
|
|
AfterUpdateHook
|
|
AfterDeleteHook
|
|
AfterUpsertHook
|
|
)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
To register a hook for your model you will need to create the hook function, and attach
|
|
it with the `AddModelHook` method. Here is an example of a before insert hook:
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
// Define my hook function
|
|
func myHook(exec boil.Executor, p *Pilot) {
|
|
// Do stuff
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
// Register my before insert hook for pilots
|
|
models.AddPilotHook(boil.BeforeInsertHook, myHook)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Your `ModelHook` will always be defined as `func(boil.Executor, *Model)`
|
|
|
|
### Transactions
|
|
|
|
The boil.Executor interface powers all of SQLBoiler. This means anything that conforms
|
|
to the three `Exec/Query/QueryRow` methods can be used. `sql.DB`, `sql.Tx` as well as other
|
|
libraries (`sqlx`) conform to this interface, and therefore any of these things may be
|
|
used as an executor for any query in the system. This makes using transactions very simple:
|
|
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
tx, err := db.Begin()
|
|
if err != nil {
|
|
return err
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
users, _ := models.Pilots(tx).All()
|
|
users.DeleteAll(tx)
|
|
|
|
// Rollback or commit
|
|
tx.Commit()
|
|
tx.Rollback()
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
It's also worth noting that there's a way to take advantage of `boil.SetDB()`
|
|
by using the [boil.Begin()](https://godoc.org/github.com/vattle/sqlboiler/boil#Begin) function.
|
|
This opens a transaction using the globally stored database.
|
|
|
|
### Debug Logging
|
|
|
|
Debug logging will print your generated SQL statement and the arguments it is using.
|
|
Debug logging can be toggled on globally by setting the following global variable to `true`:
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
boil.DebugMode = true
|
|
|
|
// Optionally set the writer as well. Defaults to os.Stdout
|
|
fh, _ := os.Open("debug.txt")
|
|
boil.DebugWriter = fh
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Note: Debug output is messy at the moment. This is something we would like addressed.
|
|
|
|
### Select
|
|
|
|
Select is done through [Query Building](#query-building) and [Find](#find). Here's a short example:
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
// Select one pilot
|
|
pilot, err := models.Pilots(db, qm.Where("name=?", "Tim")).One()
|
|
|
|
// Select specific columns of many jets
|
|
jets, err := models.Jets(db, qm.Select("age", "name")).All()
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Find
|
|
|
|
Find is used to find a single row by primary key:
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
// Retrieve pilot with all columns filled
|
|
pilot, err := models.PilotFind(db, 1)
|
|
|
|
// Retrieve a subset of column values
|
|
jet, err := models.JetFind(db, 1, "name", "color")
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Insert
|
|
|
|
The main thing to be aware of with `Insert` is how the `whitelist` operates. If no whitelist
|
|
argument is provided, `Insert` will abide by the following rules:
|
|
|
|
- Insert all columns **without** a database default value.
|
|
- Insert all columns with a non-zero value that have a database default value.
|
|
|
|
On the other hand, if a whitelist is provided, we will only insert the columns specified in the whitelist.
|
|
|
|
Also note that your object will automatically be updated with any missing default values from the
|
|
database after the `Insert` is finished executing. This includes auto-incrementing column values.
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
var p1 models.Pilot
|
|
p1.Name = "Larry"
|
|
err := p1.Insert(db) // Insert the first pilot with name "Larry"
|
|
// p1 now has an ID field set to 1
|
|
|
|
var p2 models.Pilot
|
|
p2.Name "Boris"
|
|
err := p2.Insert(db) // Insert the second pilot with name "Boris"
|
|
// p2 now has an ID field set to 2
|
|
|
|
var p3 models.Pilot
|
|
p3.ID = 25
|
|
p3.Name = "Rupert"
|
|
err := p3.Insert(db) // Insert the third pilot with a specific ID
|
|
// The id for this row was inserted as 25 in the database.
|
|
|
|
var p4 models.Pilot
|
|
p4.ID = 0
|
|
p4.Name = "Nigel"
|
|
err := p4.Insert(db, "id", "name") // Insert the fourth pilot with a zero value ID
|
|
// The id for this row was inserted as 0 in the database.
|
|
// Note: We had to use the whitelist for this, otherwise
|
|
// SQLBoiler would presume you wanted to auto-increment
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Update
|
|
`Update` can be performed on a single object, a slice of objects or as a [Finisher](#finishers)
|
|
for a collection of rows.
|
|
|
|
`Update` on a single object optionally takes a `whitelist`. The purpose of the
|
|
whitelist is to specify which columns in your object should be updated in the database.
|
|
|
|
If no `whitelist` argument is provided, `Update` will update every column except for
|
|
`primary key` columns.
|
|
|
|
If a `whitelist` argument is provided, `update` will only update the columns specified.
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
// Find a pilot and update his name
|
|
pilot, _ := models.FindPilot(db, 1)
|
|
pilot.Name = "Neo"
|
|
err := pilot.Update(db)
|
|
|
|
// Update a slice of pilots to have the name "Smith"
|
|
pilots, _ := models.Pilots(db).All()
|
|
err := pilots.UpdateAll(db, models.M{"name": "Smith"})
|
|
|
|
// Update all pilots in the database to to have the name "Smith"
|
|
err := models.Pilots(db).UpdateAll(models.M{"name", "Smith"})
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Delete
|
|
|
|
Delete a single object, a slice of objects or specific objects through [Query Building](#query-building).
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
pilot, _ := models.FindPilot(db, 1)
|
|
// Delete the pilot from the database
|
|
err := pilot.Delete(db)
|
|
|
|
// Delete all pilots from the database
|
|
err := models.Pilots(db).DeleteAll()
|
|
|
|
// Delete a slice of pilots from the database
|
|
pilots, _ := models.Pilots(db).All()
|
|
err := pilots.DeleteAll(db)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Upsert
|
|
|
|
[Upsert](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.5/static/sql-insert.html) allows you to perform an insert
|
|
that optionally performs an update when a conflict is found against existing row values.
|
|
|
|
The `whitelist` operates in the same fashion that it does for [Insert](#insert).
|
|
|
|
If an insert is performed, your object will be updated with any missing default values from the database,
|
|
such as auto-incrementing column values.
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
var p1 models.Pilot
|
|
p1.ID = 5
|
|
p1.Name = "Gaben"
|
|
|
|
// INSERT INTO pilots ("id", "name") VALUES($1, $2)
|
|
// ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING
|
|
err := p1.Upsert(db, false, nil, nil)
|
|
|
|
// INSERT INTO pilots ("id", "name") VALUES ($1, $2)
|
|
// ON CONFLICT ("id") DO UPDATE SET "name" = EXCLUDED."name"
|
|
err := p1.Upsert(db, true, []string{"id"}, []string{"name"})
|
|
|
|
// Set p1.ID to a zero value. We will have to use the whitelist now.
|
|
p1.ID = 0
|
|
p1.Name = "Hogan"
|
|
|
|
// INSERT INTO pilots ("id", "name") VALUES ($1, $2)
|
|
// ON CONFLICT ("id") DO UPDATE SET "name" = EXCLUDED."name"
|
|
err := p1.Upsert(db, true, []string{"id"}, []string{"name"}, "id", "name")
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
The `updateOnConflict` argument allows you to specify whether you would like Postgres
|
|
to perform a `DO NOTHING` on conflict, opposed to a `DO UPDATE`. For MySQL, this param will not be generated.
|
|
|
|
The `conflictColumns` argument allows you to specify the `ON CONFLICT` columns for Postgres.
|
|
For MySQL, this param will not be generated.
|
|
|
|
Note: Passing a different set of column values to the update component is not currently supported.
|
|
|
|
### Reload
|
|
In the event that your objects get out of sync with the database for whatever reason,
|
|
you can use `Reload` and `ReloadAll` to reload the objects using the primary key values
|
|
attached to the objects.
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
pilot, _ := models.FindPilot(db, 1)
|
|
|
|
// > Object becomes out of sync for some reason, perhaps async processing
|
|
|
|
// Refresh the object with the latest data from the db
|
|
err := pilot.Reload(db)
|
|
|
|
// Reload all objects in a slice
|
|
pilots, _ := models.Pilots(db).All()
|
|
err := pilots.ReloadAll(db)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
Note: `Reload` and `ReloadAll` are not recursive, if you need your relationships reloaded
|
|
you will need to call the `Reload` methods on those yourself.
|
|
|
|
### Exists
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
jet, err := models.FindJet(db, 1)
|
|
|
|
// Check if the pilot assigned to this jet exists.
|
|
exists, err := jet.Pilot(db).Exists()
|
|
|
|
// Check if the pilot with ID 5 exists
|
|
exists, err := models.Pilots(db, Where("id=?", 5)).Exists()
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### Enums
|
|
|
|
If your MySQL or Postgres tables use enums we will generate constants that hold their values
|
|
that you can use in your queries. For example:
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
CREATE TYPE workday AS ENUM('monday', 'tuesday', 'wednesday', 'thursday', 'friday');
|
|
|
|
CREATE TABLE event_one (
|
|
id serial PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
|
|
name VARCHAR(255),
|
|
day workday NOT NULL
|
|
);
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
An enum type defined like the above, being used by a table, will generate the following enums:
|
|
|
|
```go
|
|
const (
|
|
WorkdayMonday = "monday"
|
|
WorkdayTuesday = "tuesday"
|
|
WorkdayWednesday = "wednesday"
|
|
WorkdayThursday = "thursday"
|
|
WorkdayFriday = "friday"
|
|
)
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
For Postgres we use `enum type name + title cased` value to generate the const variable name.
|
|
For MySQL we use `table name + column name + title cased value` to generate the const variable name.
|
|
|
|
Note: If your enum holds a value we cannot parse correctly due, to non-alphabet characters for example,
|
|
it may not be generated. In this event, you will receive errors in your generated tests because
|
|
the value randomizer in the test suite does not know how to generate valid enum values. You will
|
|
still be able to use your generated library, and it will still work as expected, but the only way
|
|
to get the tests to pass in this event is to either use a parsable enum value or use a regular column
|
|
instead of an enum.
|
|
|
|
## FAQ
|
|
|
|
#### Won't compiling models for a huge database be very slow?
|
|
|
|
No, because Go's toolchain - unlike traditional toolchains - makes the compiler do most of the work
|
|
instead of the linker. This means that when the first `go install` is done it can take
|
|
a little bit of time because there is a lot of code that is generated. However, because of this
|
|
work balance between the compiler and linker in Go, linking to that code afterwards in the subsequent
|
|
compiles is extremely fast.
|
|
|
|
#### Missing imports for generated package
|
|
|
|
The generated models might import a couple of packages that are not on your system already, so
|
|
`cd` into your generated models directory and type `go get -u -t` to fetch them. You will only need
|
|
to run this command once, not per generation.
|
|
|
|
#### How should I handle multiple schemas?
|
|
|
|
If your database uses multiple schemas you should generate a new package for each of your schemas.
|
|
Note that this only applies to databases that use real, SQL standard schemas (like PostgreSQL), not
|
|
fake schemas (like MySQL).
|
|
|
|
#### How do I use types.BytesArray for Postgres bytea arrays?
|
|
|
|
Only "escaped format" is supported for types.BytesArray. This means that your byte slice needs to have
|
|
a format of "\\x00" (4 bytes per byte) opposed to "\x00" (1 byte per byte). This is to maintain compatibility
|
|
with all Postgres drivers. Example:
|
|
|
|
`x := types.BytesArray{0: []byte("\\x68\\x69")}`
|
|
|
|
Please note that multi-dimensional Postgres ARRAY types are not supported at this time.
|
|
|
|
#### Why aren't my time.Time or null.Time fields working in MySQL?
|
|
|
|
You *must* use a DSN flag in MySQL connections, see: [Requirements](#requirements)
|
|
|
|
#### Where is the homepage?
|
|
|
|
The homepage for the [SQLBoiler](https://github.com/vattle/sqlboiler) [Golang ORM](https://github.com/vattle/sqlboiler)
|
|
generator is located at: https://github.com/vattle/sqlboiler
|
|
|
|
## Benchmarks
|
|
|
|
If you'd like to run the benchmarks yourself check out our [boilbench](https://github.com/vattle/boilbench) repo.
|
|
|
|
Here are the results (lower is better):
|
|
|
|
`go test -bench . -benchmem`
|
|
```
|
|
BenchmarkGORMDelete/gorm-8 100000 15364 ns/op 5395 B/op 113 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkGORPDelete/gorp-8 1000000 1703 ns/op 304 B/op 12 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkXORMDelete/xorm-8 100000 14733 ns/op 3634 B/op 107 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkBoilDelete/boil-8 2000000 986 ns/op 120 B/op 7 allocs/op
|
|
|
|
BenchmarkGORMInsert/gorm-8 100000 19197 ns/op 8054 B/op 161 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkGORPInsert/gorp-8 500000 3413 ns/op 1008 B/op 32 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkXORMInsert/xorm-8 100000 15428 ns/op 5836 B/op 131 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkBoilInsert/boil-8 500000 3041 ns/op 568 B/op 21 allocs/op
|
|
|
|
BenchmarkGORMSelectAll/gorm-8 20000 85422 ns/op 29912 B/op 511 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkGORPSelectAll/gorp-8 50000 35824 ns/op 8837 B/op 312 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkXORMSelectAll/xorm-8 30000 58843 ns/op 13805 B/op 298 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkBoilSelectAll/boil-8 100000 13844 ns/op 2840 B/op 61 allocs/op
|
|
|
|
BenchmarkGORMSelectSubset/gorm-8 10000 100714 ns/op 30875 B/op 517 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkGORPSelectSubset/gorp-8 30000 43547 ns/op 8837 B/op 312 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkXORMSelectSubset/xorm-8 30000 48128 ns/op 12989 B/op 282 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkBoilSelectSubset/boil-8 100000 12316 ns/op 2977 B/op 65 allocs/op
|
|
|
|
BenchmarkGORMSelectComplex/gorm-8 10000 133598 ns/op 49398 B/op 772 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkGORPSelectComplex/gorp-8 50000 40588 ns/op 9037 B/op 321 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkXORMSelectComplex/xorm-8 30000 56367 ns/op 14174 B/op 313 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkBoilSelectComplex/boil-8 100000 16941 ns/op 3821 B/op 95 allocs/op
|
|
|
|
BenchmarkGORMUpdate/gorm-8 50000 25406 ns/op 9710 B/op 195 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkGORPUpdate/gorp-8 300000 3614 ns/op 1152 B/op 34 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkXORMUpdate/xorm-8 100000 17510 ns/op 4458 B/op 132 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkBoilUpdate/boil-8 500000 2958 ns/op 520 B/op 16 allocs/op
|
|
|
|
BenchmarkGORMRawBind/gorm-8 10000 112577 ns/op 38270 B/op 595 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkGORPRawBind/gorp-8 30000 40967 ns/op 8837 B/op 312 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkXORMRawBind/xorm-8 30000 54739 ns/op 12692 B/op 273 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkSQLXRawBind/sqlx-8 200000 13537 ns/op 4268 B/op 49 allocs/op
|
|
BenchmarkBoilRawBind/boil-8 200000 11144 ns/op 4334 B/op 49 allocs/op
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
<img style="margin-right:6px;" src="http://i.imgur.com/TglZGoI.png"/>
|
|
<img style="margin-right:6px;" src="http://i.imgur.com/Ktm2ta4.png"/>
|
|
<img style="margin-right:6px;" src="http://i.imgur.com/yv8kFPA.png"/>
|
|
<img style="margin-right:6px;" src="http://i.imgur.com/890Zswe.png"/>
|
|
<img style="margin-right:6px;" src="http://i.imgur.com/qMgoAFJ.png"/>
|
|
<img style="margin-right:6px;" src="http://i.imgur.com/sDoNiCN.png"/>
|
|
<img style="margin-right:6px;" src="http://i.imgur.com/EvUa4UT.png"/>
|